A davit ()[
] is any of various crane-like devices used on a ship for supporting, raising, and lowering equipment such as boats and .[Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House]
Davit systems are most often used to lower a lifeboat to the embarkation level to be boarded. The lifeboat davit has falls (now made of wire, historically of manila rope) that are used to lower the lifeboat into the water.
The maintaining and operation of davits is all under jurisdiction of the International Maritime Organization. The regulations are enforced by the country's coast guard.
Development
Davits were first devised in the 17th century for use by
whaling ships in the Greenland whaling grounds. They began to be introduced into
Royal Navy warships in the late 18th century and originally took the form of squared baulks of timber. Curved iron davits began to be introduced later in the 19th century.
Development of the davit has also been in terms of material. Traditionally davits have been made in aluminium or steel but recent advances in composite material have led to the manufacture of davits in carbon fibre which has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. This means davits can be stowed away when not in use and the same davit used in several deck sockets fitted permanently on deck.
Davit types
Davits are designed to fit into deck spaces that the naval architects deemed necessary:
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Radial (obsolete) – Hand powered davit. This type was used on the lifeboats of RMS Lusitania. Each arm must be rotated out manually; uses manila rope falls. Goose-neck shape to the arm that is swung out.
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Mechanical (obsolete) – This type is like the radial davit, but both arms are moved out at the same time using a screw system; uses manila rope falls. An example is the Welin Quadrant davit type used aboard RMS Titanic.
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Gravity (industry standard) – There are multiple forms; one man can operate; uses wire falls.
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Roller – Davit slides down a track, bringing the davit to the embarkation deck.
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Single pivot – One pivot point where the lifeboat is moved over the side of the craft.
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Multi-pivot – Common on promenade decks of cruise ships. Useful where space is limited.
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Free fall – Lifeboat slides right off vessel. Lifeboat must be an enclosed type. Main type of Davit on merchant ships now. This type does not use falls.
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Fixed – Common on oil rigs. Lifeboat is hung above the water (at embarkation level) and lowered into the water.
[SIU AFL-CIO. (1991). Water survival manual. (p. 37). Piney Point, Maryland: Seafarers Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship.]
Components
- Liferaft
- These can be enclosed, partially enclosed, or open. (There are pictures of these on the page already so no description is added)
- Frapping lines
- These lines are used on all davits except the fixed and freefall davits. The frapping lines are used to pull the lifeboat over to the embarkation deck along with the tricing pendant to be loaded.
- Gripes
- Ropes used to hold the lifeboat in the stored position while underway.
- Tricing pendants
- Lines used to initially pull the lifeboat over to the embarkation deck so that the frapping lines can be connected.
- Falls
- The wires which lift or lower the lifeboat are known as falls.
Release mechanisms
There are three basic systems used to release the lifeboat from the davit. (Coast Guard Questions are for the Rottmer, On-Load releasing gear)
[Murphy, J. (2009). U.S. Coast Guard license examination preparation for the professional mariner . Wareham, Massachusetts: Academy Publishing Company. Retrieved from http://mdnautical.com/murphy-s-deck-officers-guides/7-murphy-s-deck-officer-study-guide-7-lifeboatmen-2009.html.]
- Off-load
- This release mechanism requires the weight (load) of the lifeboat to not be on the hook when it is released. This includes the Titanic-era Monomony hook design that requires someone to remove the hook from the lifeboat by hand. But this type also includes the hydrostatic system many lifeboats use now. For this, a float is raised up and engages the release once the craft is in the water to the right depth.
