Cycloxaprid

 ( Insecticides ) 

Cycloxaprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide derived from the (nitromethylene)imidazole (NMI) analogue of imidacloprid. First reported in 2008., it is a novel insecticide developed to control pests that have developed resistance to imidacloprid, particularly targeting Lepidoptera and whitefly in rice cultivation. Currently, limited information is available regarding its environmental impact, ecotoxicology, or effects on human health.

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Chemistry Cycloxaprid is distinguished by its unique chemical structure, featuring a Nitro group substituent in the cis-configuration, unlike other commercialized neonicotinoids which have the nitro group in the trans-configuration. It has demonstrated significant efficacy against insecticide-resistant pests, particularly showing 50-fold higher activity against imidacloprid-resistant brown planthopper compared to imidacloprid itself. This enhanced effectiveness against resistant pests makes it a promising alternative in pest management strategies, especially in contexts where repeated imidacloprid applications have led to resistance development.

represent the most commonly used class of insecticides globally, valued for their effectiveness against a wide spectrum of insect pests, particularly those in the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera. Their applications span both agricultural crop protection and animal health, with common usage methods including plant, soil, and seed treatments. However, ecological concerns have emerged regarding their environmental impact. Studies have documented that imidacloprid, a prominent neonicotinoid, can adversely affect various non-target organisms. These effects include impacts on and beneficial arthropods, manifesting in behavioral changes, population decline, reduced reproductive success, and increased mortality. Research has also revealed broader ecological consequences, including negative effects on aquatic macroinvertebrates, plankton, crayfish, and . Furthermore, studies have identified ecosystem-level impacts, such as disruption of songbird migration patterns and decreases in fishery productivity. These findings have motivated the development of alternative insecticides that maintain pest control efficacy while reducing environmental impact.

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Mechanism of action Cycloxaprid’s mode of action was initially believed to be analogous to that of imidacloprid, likely impacting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors However, the exact mode of action is not fully understood.

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