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A crown-cardinal ()

(1981). 9780198269199, Oxford University Press. .
was a cardinal protector of a nation, nominated or funded by a its monarch to serve as their representative within the College of CardinalsReinerman, Alan J. 1989. Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. p. 59. and, on occasion, to exercise the right claimed by some monarchs to . More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch.

Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one "elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and in many cases without having performed any service at all for the advancement of the Church."Francis A. Burkle-Young. 1998. " The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Papal elections in the Fifteenth Century: The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)."

According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, the crown-cardinals "rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves, if then, and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College. Usually unable to take part in the , they were not and rarely received more than one or two votes".Baumgartner, 2003, p. 150. Crown-cardinals generally opposed the election of crown-cardinals from other kingdoms, although they tended to unite against the election of .

Opposition to national cardinal protectors arose in the fifteenth century due to the perceived conflict of interest, and Pope Martin V attempted to forbid them entirely in 1425. A reform of Pope Pius II dated 1464 regards national cardinal protectors as generally inconsistent with curial responsibility, with several exceptions. Such protectorships were first openly permitted by popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI, both of whom required the explicit written consent of the pontiff for a cardinal to take up a "position of service to a secular prince".Wilkie, 1974, p. 9. An unnamed cardinal even suggested elevating national cardinal protectors to a full and official position in the , equivalent to an ambassador.

History
The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the developed in the 16th century.Bireley, Robert. 2007. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 93, 1: 172–173. A manuscript list of cardinals appointed at the request of Crowns can be found in the Vatican Library in the Borghese collection, Borg. lat. 376, pp. 131-141: Pietro Francesco de Rossi, De cardinalibus electis ad preces Principum, ab anno 1294 usque in finem pontificatus Pauli III. The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the College of Cardinals with the of Pope Eugene IV on December 18, 1439 (on the heels of the election of Antipope Felix V by the Council of Basel), which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions.Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. " The election of Pope Nicholas V (1447)."
Charles VII of FranceRenaud de ChartresChancellor of France
Charles VII of FranceGuillaume d'EstoutevilleRoyal cousin, constructor of Mont Saint-Michel
Henry VI of EnglandLouis de Luxembourg de BeaurevoirChancellor for France
Henry VI of Englandformer chancellor of England and archbishop of York
Afonso V of PortugalAntónio Martins de ChavesBishop of Porto
Kingdom of Hungary (interregnum)Dénes SzécsiPrimate-designate of Hungary
Władysław III of PolandZbigniew OleśnickiArchbishop of Kraków
Holy Roman Empire (interregnum)Petrus de SchaumburgImperial Counsellor
René I of NaplesNiccolo d'AcciapaccioArchbishop of Capua
Gerardo Landriani CapitaniBishop of Como
Giorgio Fieschi di LavagnaArchbishop of Genoa
Philip the GoodJean Le JeuneAmbassador to the Council of Ferrara-Florence
The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the Catholic Encyclopedia says 1424) when Pope Martin V forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever."Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 161 This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512.

Some crown-cardinals were or members of powerful families; others were selected solely on the recommendation of European monarchs, in many cases with little previous ecclesiastical experience.Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)." During the reigns of Pope Clement VI and Pope Urban VI in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals. The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 .

Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals .Pastor, 1940, p. 133. Pope Urban VI (1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns.

World War I cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either became extinct or declined in power.

Role in conclaves
In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the , that is, to veto a candidate for the papacy deemed "unacceptable" by their patron. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers and attempt, with varying degrees of success, to delay the conclave from proceeding until they received a response. For example, Pope Innocent X (elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII (elected 1721) survived late-arriving veto instructions from France and Spain respectively. Austrian crown-cardinal Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck reached the papal conclave of 1846 too late to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who had already been elected and taken the name Pius IX.

List of cardinal protector crown-cardinals
The following includes a complete list of crown cardinal-protectors in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries:Wodka, Josef. Zur Geschichte der nationalen Protektorate der Kardinäle an der römischen Kurie. publisher: Innsbruck and Leipzig, 1938, 46–130.

Of Hungary

Of Austria
Protectors:

  • 1523–1531:
  • 1532–1535: Giovanni Salviati
  • 1540–1542: Girolamo Aleandro
  • 1542–1555: Marcello Cervini
  • 1555–1580: Giovanni Girolamo Morone
  • 1580–1600: Andreas von Österreich
  • 1603–1634: Franz von Dietrichstein
  • 1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini
  • 1638–1642: Maurizio di Savoia
  • 1655–1667: Ernst Adalbert von Harrach
  • 1673–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
  • 1689–1701: Francesco Maria de' Medici
  • 1701–1707: Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch
  • 1707–1712: Johann Philipp von Lamberg
  • 1712–1725: Christian von Sachsen-Zeitz
  • 1726–1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
  • 1738–1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch
  • 1751–1758: Ferdinand Julius von Troyer
  • 1779–1800: František Herczan
  • 1823–1834:
  • 1858–1867: Pietro de Silvestri

Vice-protectors and co-protectors

  • 1536–1541: Alessandro Cesarini
  • 1560–1565: Cristoforo Madruzzo
  • 1571–1571: Marco Antonio Colonna
  • 1574/ 1580/81:
  • 1581–1603:
  • 1584–1587: Antonio Carafa
  • 1604–1607:
  • 1607–1611: Ottavio Paravicini
  • 1612–1621: Pietro Aldobrandini
  • 1621–1632: Ludovico Ludovisi
  • 1629–1631: Cosimo de Torres
  • 1635–1641: Carlo Emanuele di Savoia
  • 1642–1644: Alfonso de la Cueva
  • 1644–1655: Ernst von Harrach
  • 1645–1664:
  • 1664–1667:
  • 1667–1675: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
  • 1690–1693: José Saenz d'Aguirre
  • 1694–1700: Francesco del Giudice
  • 1701/02/ 1706–1710:
  • 1703–05/ 1708–12: Fabrizio Paolucci
  • 1713–1719: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
  • 1719–1722: Michael Friedrich von Althan
  • 1722–1726: Juan Álvaro Cienfuegos Villazón
  • 1735–1743: Niccolò del Giudice
  • 1743–1779: Alessandro Albani

Of England
Of Ireland

Of Scotland
Of France
The King of France historically had only one cardinal protector at a time, chosen by a complicated process that involved the King, the secretary of state for foreign affairs, the French ambassador to Rome, and other French power brokers, but not the Pope.Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164. The crown-cardinal of France was also abbot in commendam of several French abbeys.Salvator, Miranda. 1998. " Consistory of November 7, 1689."

There was traditionally at least one resident French cardinal in the during the first half of the sixteenth century, but Louis XII and Francis I chose three successive Italian cardinals as protector of France thereafter.

  • 1513–1516: Federico di Sanseverino
  • 1516–1523: Giulio de Medici
  • 1523–1548: Agostino Trivulzio
  • 1549–1572: Ippolito II d'EsteSignorotto and Visceglia, 2002, pp. 164–165.Yardley, Jonathan. 2005, June 26. " The Cardinal's Hat." Washington Post. BW02.
  • 1573–1586: Luigi d'Este
  • 1587–1615: François de Joyeuse
  • 1616–1620: Alessandro Orsini
    • Guido Bentivoglio (vice-protector from 1621 until 1636)
  • 1621–1636: Maurizio di Savoia
  • 1636–1644: Antonio Barberini
  • 1645–1672: Rinaldo d'Este
  • 1672–1676: (from 1646 acted as co-protector)
  • 1676–1701: César d'Estrées
  • 1702–1709: Francesco Maria de’Medici
  • 1709–1740: Pietro Ottoboni
    • Pierre Guérin de Tencin, acting protector until 1758
  • 1758–1765: Prospero Colonna di Sciarra
  • 1769–1792/4: François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis

Of the Holy Roman Empire
The protector of the Holy Roman Empire was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands.

  • 1492–1503: Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 29
  • 1518–1539: Lorenzo Campeggio
  • 1540–1540: Pedro Fernández Manrique
  • 1540–1542: Girolamo Aleander
  • 1542–1550:
  • 1550–1557: Juan Álvarez de Toledo
  • 1557–1573: Otto Truchsess von Waldburg
  • 1573–1600: Ludovico Madruzzo
  • 1603–1611: Ottavio Paravicini
  • 1611–1633: Scipione Borghese
  • 1635/36: Franz von DietrichsteinMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 3, 1599 (IV)"
  • 1636–1642: Moritz von Savoyen
  • 1644–1666:
  • 1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
  • 1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
  • 1689–1701: Francesco Maria de' MediciMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " September 2, 1686 (II)"
  • 1701–1707: Leopold von Kollonitsch
  • 1707–1712: Johann Philipp von Lamberg
  • 1712–1725: Christian August von Sachsen-Zeitz
  • 1726–1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
  • 1738–1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch
  • 1751–1758: Ferdinand Julius von Troyer
  • 1758–1765: vacant
  • 1765–1779: Alessandro Albani
  • 1779–1800: Franziskus Herzan von Harras

Vice-protectors and co-protectors

  • 1517–1530:
  • 1530–1532: Wilhelm van Enkevoirt
  • 1534–1539: Alessandro Cesarini
  • 1538–1540: Girolamo Ghinucci
  • 1540–1542: Alessandro Farnese
  • 1542–1550: Juan Álvarez de Toledo
  • 1550–1553: Bernardino Maffei
  • 1557–1559: Pedro Pacheco de Villena
  • 1558–1568:
  • 1587–1593:
  • 1594–1600: Ottavio Paravicini
  • 1621–1625: Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern
  • 1625–1644: Giulio Savelli
  • 1644:
  • 1666–1682: Carlo Pio di Savoia
  • 1690–1693: José Saenz d'Aguirre
  • 1694–1700: Francesco del Giudice
  • 1701/02/ 1706–1710:
  • 1703–05/ 1708–12: Fabrizio Paolucci
  • 1713–1719: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
  • 1719–1722: Michael Friedrich von Althan
  • 1722–1726: Juan Álvaro Cienfuegos Villazón
  • 1735–1743: Niccolò del Giudice
  • 1745–1765: Alessandro Albani

Of Poland

Of Sweden
Cardinal-protectors of Sweden were appointed by king of Poland Zygmunt III Waza, who had claimed the rights to the Swedish Crown.Wodka, p. 124
  • Odoardo Farnese (1601–1626)
  • Lorenzo Magalotti (1626–1637)

Of Portugal
  • 1517–1531:
  • 1533–1544: Antonio Pucci
  • 1545–1564: Guido Ascanio Sforza
  • 1565–1572:
  • 1573–1589: Alessandro Farnese
  • 1591–1603:
  • 1604–1626: Odoardo Farnese
  • 1626–1634: Francesco Barberini
  • 1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini
  • 1657–1676: Virginio Orsini
  • 1676–1714: César d'Estrées
  • 1714–1721:
  • 1739–1770: Neri Maria Corsini
  • 1859–1884: Camillo di Pietro
  • 1887–1888: Włodzimierz Czacki
  • 1891–1910/30: Vincenzo Vannutelli

Of Savoy/Kingdom of Sardinia
Protectors of the Duchy of Savoy

Protectors of the Kingdom of Sardinia

  • 1727–1779: Alessandro Albani
  • 1819? – 1834:
  • 1835–1853: Luigi Lambruschini

Of Naples

Of Sicily
  • 1524–1542: Alessandro Cesarini
  • 1542–1589: Alessandro Farnese
  • 1592–1626: Odoardo Farnese
  • 1626–1634: Francesco Barberini
  • 1635–1642:
  • 1645–1656: Pier Donato Cesi
  • 1664–1687:
  • 1687–1699: José Saenz d'Aguirre
  • 1699–1725: Francesco del Giudice

Of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
  • 1738–1747: Troiano Acquaviva d'AragonaMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of October 1, 1732 (IV)"
  • 1747–1789: Domenico Orsini d'Aragona
  • 1789–1795: Ferdinando Spinelli
  • 1799–1806?: Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo

Of Castile/Spain
The King of Spain could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors () simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to.Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press. . p. 163
  • 1516–1517: Francisco de Remolins
  • 1517–1529:
  • 1529–1534: Andrea della Valle
  • 1534–1563:
  • 1563–1566: Francesco Gonzaga
  • 1566–1574: Francisco Pacheco de ToledoMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II)"
  • 1574–1581: Alessandro SforzaMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 12, 1565 (IV)"
  • 1582–1588: Ferdinando de' MediciMinnich, Nelson H. 2003. Book Review. The Catholic Historical Review. 89, 4: 773–778
    • Francesco Alciati (Vice-protector circa 1569)
  • 1588–1592: Juan Hurtado de MendozaMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of December 18, 1587 (V)"
  • 1592–1599: Pedro de Deza ManuelMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of February 21, 1578 (V)"
  • 1599–1601: Alessandro d'Este
  • 1601–1606: Francisco de ÁvilaMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of September June 5, 1596 (II)"
  • 1606–1617: Antonio Zapata y Cisneros
  • 1617–1632: Gaspar de Borja y Velasco
  • 1632–1645: Gil Carrillo de Albornoz
  • 1645–1666: Carlo de' Medici
  • 1667–1672: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
  • 1673–1677: Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero
  • 1677–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
  • 1689–1702: Francesco Maria de' Medici
  • 1702–1713?: Francesco del Giudice
  • 1713–1725: Francesco Acquaviva d'AragonaMiranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of May 17, 1706 (II)."
  • 1725–1743: Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada
  • 1743–1747: Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona
  • 1748–1760: Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero

Of Aragon
  • 1517–1531:
  • 1531–1542: Alessandro Cesarini
  • 1542–1589: Alessandro Farnese
  • 1592–1626: Odoardo Farnese
  • 1626–1634: Francesco Barberini
  • 1635–1641: Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia
  • 1645–1666:
  • 1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
  • 1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
  • 1689–1702: Francesco Maria de' Medici

Of Flanders
  • 1561–1572:
  • 1573–1597: Marcantonio Colonna
  • 1597–1608:
  • 1608–1633: Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese
  • 1633–1642: Pietro Maria Borghese
  • 1644–1666:
  • 1669–1676: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
  • 1677–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
  • 1689–1702: Francesco Maria de' Medici

List of other national cardinal protectors
Of Switzerland

Of Republic of Genoa

List of non-cardinal protector crown-cardinals
Of Austria
  • Andrew of Austria, son of Archduke FerdinandTrollope, 1876, p. 51.
  • Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (December 20, 1737 – August 30, 1761)
  • Rudolf of Austria (June 4, 1819 – July 24, 1831), Archbishop of Olomouc, Archduke
  • Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck (Papal conclave circa 1846)
  • Jan Maurycy Pawel Puzyna de Kosielsko (Papal conclave circa 1903)

Of Bavaria
  • Philipp Wilhelm of Bavaria (22 September 1576 – 18 May 1598), Bishop of Regensburg from 1595, Cardinal from 1597Trollope, 1876, p. 52.
  • Johann Casimir Häffelin (6 April 1818 – 27 August 1827), Ambassador of Bavaria to the Holy See (since 18 November 1803), probably a de facto court bishop since 11 November 1787 (as general vicar of the Bavarian Priory of the Order of Malta)

Of England
  • Charles of Guise, uncle of Mary, Queen of Scots

Of France

  • , continued role as after elevation as cardinalWilkie, 1974, p. 8.
  • , continued role as procurator after elevation as cardinal; styled as "French protector" in RomeWilkie, 1974, p. 16.
  • André d'Espinay (March 9, 1489 – November 10, 1500)
  • Armand Jean de Richelieu (November 3, 1622 – December 4, 1642), Bishop of Luçon, Prime Minister
  • (1641–1661)
  • Jean Siffrein Maury (1794–1806), Archbishop of Montefiascone, representative of the , sided with in 1806
  • (2 December 1804 – 22 June 1815), Archbishop of Lyons, step-uncle to , Ambassador of France to the Holy See (1803–1806, but in 1803 there wasn't as yet a crown) and Imperial Grand Almoner (1805–1814); his role as crown-cardinal ended with the end of the Napoleonic reign, whereas he remained Cardinal and Archbishop

Of the Holy Roman Empire
  • Albert of Austria, son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

Of Poland
  • Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)
  • Jan Aleksander Lipski (December 20, 1737 – February 20, 1746)

Of Portugal
  • Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal
  • Henry of Portugal
  • Tomás de Almeida (December 20, 1737 – February 27, 1754)Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 173Minor, Vernon Hyde. 2005. The Death of the Baroque and the Rhetoric of Good Taste. Cambridge University Press. . p. 138

Of Spain
  • Pedro González de Mendoza (May 7, 1473 – January 11, 1495)Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. " The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)"
  • Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
  • Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
  • Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio (December 19, 1735 – December 18, 1754)Pastor, 1941, p. 405
  • Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (April 5, 1756 – March 21, 1775)

Of Tuscany
  • Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

See also

Sources
  • Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. .
  • Pastor, Ludwig. 1902. The History of Popes. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.
  • Wilkie, William E. 1974. The cardinal protectors of England. Cambridge University Press.
  • Peter Tusor, "Prolegomena zur Frage des Kronkardinalats," Archivum Historiae Pontificiae Volume 41 (2003), pp. 51–71.

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