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A craft or trade is a pastime or an occupation that requires particular skills and knowledge of Skilled worker. In a historical sense, particularly the Middle Ages and earlier, the term is usually applied to people occupied in small scale production of goods, or their maintenance, for example by . The traditional term craftsman is nowadays often replaced by artisan and by craftsperson.
Historically, the more specialized crafts with high-value products tended to concentrate in urban centers and their practitioners formed . The skill required by their professions and the need to be permanently involved in the Trade often demanded a higher level of education, and craftspeople were usually in a more privileged position than the peasantry in Complex society. The households of artisans were not as self-sufficient as those of people engaged in agricultural work, and therefore had to rely on the exchange of goods. Some crafts, especially in areas such as pottery, woodworking, and various stages of textile production, could be practiced on a part-time basis by those also working in agriculture, and often formed part of village life.
When an apprentice finished their apprenticeship, they became a journeyman searching for a place to set up their own shop and make a living. After setting up their own shop, they could then call themselves a Master craftsman.
This stepwise approach to mastery of a craft, which includes the attainment of some education and skill, has survived in some countries to the present day. But crafts have undergone deep structural changes since and during the era of the Industrial Revolution. The mass production of goods by large-scale industry has limited crafts to market segments in which industry's modes of functioning or its mass-produced goods do not satisfy the preferences of potential buyers. As an outcome of these changes, craftspeople today increasingly make use of semi-finished components or materials and adapt these to their customers' requirements or demands. Thus, they participate in a certain division of labour between industry and craft.
The beginning of crafts in areas like the Ottoman Empire involved the governing bodies requiring members of the city who were skilled at creating goods to open shops in the center of town. These people slowly stopped acting as subsistence farmers (who created goods in their own homes to trade with neighbors) and began to represent what we think of as "craftspeople" today.
Besides traditional goods, handicraft contributes to the field of computing by combining craft practices with technology. For example, in 1968, the Apollo 8 spacecraft's core memory consisted of wires that were woven around and through electromagnetic cores by hand. The core rope memory they created contained information used to successfully complete the mission.
Crafts and craftspeople have become a subject of academic study. For example, Stephanie Bunn was an artist before she became an anthropologist, and she went on to develop an academic interest in the process of craft. She argues that what happens to an object before it becomes a "product" is an area worthy of study.
The Arts and Crafts Movement originated in Britain during the late 19th century and was characterized by a style of decoration reminiscent of medieval times. The primary artist associated with the movement is William Morris, whose work was reinforced with writings from John Ruskin. The movement placed a high importance on the quality of craftsmanship, while emphasizing the importance for the arts to contribute to economic reform.
These crafts emphasize individuality, creativity, and the artist's direct engagement with materials and techniques. Unlike mass-produced or factory-made goods, studio craft pieces are often one-of-a-kind or produced in limited editions, showcasing the maker's personal style and artistic vision. Many studio craft artists blend traditional craftsmanship with contemporary design, pushing the boundaries of their chosen medium. The movement gained momentum in the 20th century as artists sought to elevate craft to the status of fine art, often exhibiting their works in galleries and museums. Today, studio craft continues to thrive, supported by craft schools, residencies, and a growing appreciation for handmade, artisanal objects.
Craft fairs can range in size from small local gatherings to large-scale events that attract artisans and visitors from across the country. These fairs often feature handmade items such as jewelry, pottery, textiles, woodwork, and home décor, highlighting the creativity and craftsmanship of independent artisans. Many craft fairs also include live demonstrations, workshops, and interactive booths where attendees can learn traditional and modern crafting techniques. Seasonal and holiday-themed craft fairs are particularly popular, offering unique, handcrafted gifts. Additionally, some craft fairs emphasize sustainability by promoting eco-friendly materials and upcycled goods, aligning with the growing interest in ethical consumerism.
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