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College sports or college athletics encompasses amateur sports played by non-professional, College and university-level Student athlete in competitive sports and games. College sports have led to many college rivalries.
College sports trace their roots back to the early 19th century. Originating from public schools in Britain, varsity matches between Oxford University and Cambridge University spread to Harvard University and Yale University, which influenced the development of college sports in the United States, and to college sports in Commonwealth, European, and other countries, such as Japan.;
During the 1970s, the National Union of South African Students worked to create a university sports program where race was not considered in team and competition arrangements. The organisation faced some governmental hurdles. At the time, inter-racial sports was only allowed to be played on private grounds, which meant games and competitions could not be played on public university grounds. They had models from the University of Witwatersrand and the University of Cape Town which had already held such events.South African Institute of Race Relations (1972). 9780869820100, University of California Press. . ISBN 9780869820100
Chinese universities organised boat races before the cultural revolution. These races were modeled after the boat races in England.
The Chinese Basketball University Association (CUBA) is currently China's most popular and competitive collegiate basketball league. In 2018, AliSports acquired the rights to broadcast the league for $150 million. Other university sports associations such as the Chinese Football University Association and the Chinese Marathon University Association are being broadcast by AliSports.
After returning from the U.S., Hiroshi Hiraoka (平岡凞), a railroad engineer, founded Japan's first baseball team, the Shinbashi Club. Rugby was the first sporting event in Japan, with the founding of the Keio University rugby club in 1899. Soccer was played in 1904 with the founding of the soccer club at Tokyo Higher Normal School (University of Tsukuba). American football dates from 1934 with the founding of the American football club at Rikkyo University.
Among the sports introduced from abroad, baseball became especially popular during this period. 1894 saw the appearance of the word "yakyū(野球)" as a translation of the word "base ball". Ichiko lost to Waseda University and Keio University in 1904, ushering in the era of both universities. (This later developed into the Waseda-Keio rivalry), and baseball's popularity spilled over into the competitions between technical colleges and junior high schools (Utsunomiya vs. Mito, 5th High vs. Yamaguchi, 1st High vs. 3nd High, etc.). At a time when the mainstream entertainment for citizens was "watching", such as cherry blossom viewing, visiting temples and shrines, and sumo wrestling viewing, it was exciting for citizens to see university students taking part in American-born baseball games. People even gathered to watch the students practicing on the baseball field. The stadium was filled to overflowing with people who gathered to watch the games. Major newspapers such as Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun wrote extensively about the success of the games, and college baseball became a kind of social phenomenon.
University sports was established in Japan by the 1930s.
Even after World War II, university sports have established a glorious history and tradition, such as the revival of Waseda-Keio_rivalry (硬式野球) at Jingu Stadium in the fall of 1945 and the popularity of Shigeo Nagashima, who supported the golden age of Rikkyo University in the 1960s. From these developments, the athletic club (Undō-bu,ja:運動部) was formed as part of the extracurricular club activities (club-katsudō,クラブ活動) at schools in Japan, which have various academies (bu), and sports activities.At each university, an organization called Taiikukai_Undō-bu(ja:体育会運動部) was formed, and the term taiikukai-kei (体育会系) was even coined.
By 1977, ultimate Frisbee had been established as a university sport. National championships were held that year with Aichi Gakuin University winning the inaugural event. Many of these new sports became popularized after being played by university teams (e.g. lacrosse).
In 2019, the Japan Association for University Athletics and Sport (UNIVAS), a general incorporated association, was established to strengthen university sports in Japan. See List of University Sports Competitions and Organizations in Japan(ja) for more information on each athletic organization.
In fact, the Kōshien baseball tournament, a high school baseball tournament (played in spring and summer), and the All Japan High School Soccer Tournament, a men's soccer championship, Spring High School Volleyball (ja), basketball, Hanazono (National High School Rugby Tournament) for rugby, Ekiden's Miyakoōji (All-Japan High School Ekiden Championship) in Ekiden (played in winter), are held by high school teams in Japan, These are all the more exciting because they are featured on live TV broadcasts and news programs. However, Few tournaments are nationally televised for student athletes in college sports, such as the All Japan University Rugby Championship. The Tokyo Big6 Baseball League is in Tokyo, and The Koshien Bowl, which is supposed to be the national American football championship, is only exciting in the Kansai region, so it cannot be said to be a nationwide event. The Hakone Ekiden, which is said to increase the number of applicants and the income from examination fees as a result of winning and performing well in the event, is actually a Kanto region event. For more information on soccer, see College soccer#Japan.
In addition to the general entrance examination, Japanese universities also offer Sports Recommendation Admission (スポーツ推薦). This system is used to admit students who have achieved a certain level of athletic success in order to strengthen and maintain the strength of university sports teams. Many universities do this. However, the admission criteria, i.e., the number of students admitted, the degree of athletic achievement, and the way in which the academic performance of the applicant is taken into account, vary from university to university.
The UAAP tried to wrest recognition away from FESSAP's recognition by FISU in 2013 but was denied.
The Federation is responsible for sending student athletes to participate in various international and European level university sporting championships, including the World University Summer & Winter Games, the FISU World University Championships, and the Pan-European Student Games. The ARMSSF also organizes national events, competitions, and activities for students across Armenia and often collaborates with other sporting federations such as the Armenian Table Tennis Federation, the Armwrestling Federation of Armenia, the Armenian National Rowing and Canoe Federation, and the Figure Skating Federation of Armenia, among others.
The ARMSSF organizes the annual "Student Sports Games of the Republic of Armenia". In November 2014, over 3500 students from 21 Armenian universities participated. The games are sponsored by the Ministry of Education and Science.
Building on early English public school football games, a group of students from Cambridge University created Cambridge rules in 1848. In 1863 the Football Association of England adopted most of these rules and added three more Laws of the Game creating association football. The varsity team played the first football match against Oxford in 1874, although intercollegiate football games date back earlier. During the Victorian and Edwardian eras, Cambridge University contributed to the development of many other sports including tennis, horse racing, boxing, cricket, women's collegiate sport, and the Olympic games.
The first modern athletics clubs in the world were founded at the University of Cambridge in 1857, and the University of Oxford in 1860. The Cambridge and Oxford Athletic Games were first held in 1864. The Scottish Varsity match in rugby union between the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh began in the 1860s, the first varsity match in the world in a code of football. The Oxford vs Cambridge women's University Match in Field hockey was first played in 1895, the oldest women's varsity match in the world.
University sport began to be organised more formally in the early 20th century beginning with the formation of the Inter-Varsity Athletics Board of England and Wales (IVAB) and the first inter-varsity track and field competition among nine universities at Manchester University in 1919. Manchester University invited women's teams to compete against them in 1921, which initiated women’s inter-varsity competition. Birmingham University hosted the first Inter-Varsity Athletic Board Women’s Championships in 1922 and the Women’s Inter-Varsity Athletics Board (WIVAB) was formed in 1923.
Multiple organisations subsequently represented university and college sport in the United Kingdom.
These organisations evolved into British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS), the governing body for university and college sports in the UK. It runs competitions in 54 sports across over 160 universities and colleges; an annual championship and trophy in 16 sports; and an annual multi-sport even in 6 sports held over three days. More than 100,000 students compete in BUCS competitions and events each year and over 400 qualified for the FISU World University Games in 2025. The FISU has described it as "one of the most well rounded and developed university sport programmes in the world".
Separately from BUCS, universities in the United Kingdom hold varsity matches with rival universities and offer intramural sports. This includes widespread programmes in university rowing in the United Kingdom.
In addition, Scottish Student Sport run over 100 events each year for universities in Scotland including the annual multi-sport Scottish Student Games. Students at universities in Northern Ireland can also participate in Student Sport Ireland events.
Among many other sports, the most-watched competitions are college football and basketball, though there are competitions in many other sports, including badminton, college baseball, College softball, ice hockey, college soccer, rugby union, volleyball, lacrosse, field hockey, cricket, handball, swimming and diving, track and field, golf, tennis, table tennis, pickleball, rowing, and many others depending on the university. In the United States, college athletes are considered amateurs and their compensation is generally limited to athletic scholarships. However, there is disagreement as to whether college student-athletes should be paid. College athletics have been criticized for diverting resources away from academic studies, while unpaid student athletes generate income for their universities and private entities. Due to the passage of Title IX in the United States, universities must offer an equal number of scholarships for women and for men.
The history of university sports has received little academic attention in Australia. In 1863, rugby union was first played in Australia at the University of Sydney when several clubs affiliated with the university were established. One of Australia's earliest cricket teams was founded at the University of Sydney in 1854. This university affiliated team is one of the only teams from that period that still exists.
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