Chemoselectivity is the preferential reaction of a chemical reagent with one of two or more different functional groups.
In a chemoselective system, a reagent in the presence of an aldehyde and an ester would mostly target the aldehyde, even if it has the option to react with the ester. Chemoselectivity is an area of interest in chemistry because scientists want to recreate complex biological compounds, such as Natural product, and make specific modifications to them.
Most chemical reactions bring together atoms that have negative charge character and atoms that have positive charge character.
Electrophilicity
If a molecule has several potential reactive sites, the reaction will occur in the most reactive one. When comparing carbon-halogen bonds, lighter halogens such as fluorine and chlorine have a better orbital overlap with carbon, which makes the bond stronger.
Bromine and iodine, on the other hand, are bigger and therefore can undergo chemical reactions more easily.
Carbonyl functional groups
The reactivity of
Carbonyl group can be ranked by evaluating how much electron density the neighbouring atoms donate to the carbonyl carbon.
are the most reactive because the hydrogen next to the carbon is small and only has one electron, and therefore does not provide steric or electronic shielding. By switching the hydrogen for a carbon group, making a
ketone, the carbonyl becomes less reactive since the carbon is bigger and has more electrons. The most stable carbonyls are the ones with atoms with lone pairs next to them, such as
Amide and
Ester.
Since the electrons are not participating in bonding, they are not as restricted and can readily donate to the carbon. Amides are less reactive than esters because oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen and therefore it concentrates more of the electron density on itself.
Chemists take advantage of the stability of amides by using them as
Protecting group to shield sites that they don't want to react.
Metal-assisted selectivity
Some reagents have higher affinity with specific functional groups, which can be used to direct reactivity. A famous example is the
Luche reduction, where an
oxophilic metal makes the carbonyl of a conjugated ketone more reactive and directs the
reducing agent.
On the other hand, copper organometallics have high affinity with carbon-carbon multiple bonds and are used for conjugate addition of
Nucleophile into a conjugated ketone.
Reducing and oxidizing reagents
Different hydride reagents have different reactivity towards functional groups so they can be selected according to the desired outcome.
Examples include the greater relative chemoselectivity of sodium borohydride versus lithium aluminium hydride for the organic
Redox of 4-nitro-2-chlorobenzonitrile to the corresponding aniline, 4-amino-2-chlorobenzonitrile. In another example, the compound 4-methoxyacetophenone is oxidized by
bleach at the
ketone group at high pH (forming the
carboxylic acid) and oxidized by EAS (to the
aryl chloride) at low pH.
See also
