The cavaquinho (pronounced in Portuguese) is a small Portugal string instrument in the European guitar family, with four wires or gut strings.
A cavaquinho player is called a cavaquista.
Tuning
A common
Musical tuning in
Portugal is
C G A D (non-reentrant with C being the lowest pitch,
or from lower to higher pitches
).
The standard tuning in Brazil is D G B D.
Other tunings include:
-
D A B E – Portuguese ancient tuning, made popular by Júlio Pereira, reentrant with A being the lowest pitch
-
G G B D
-
A A C E
-
D G B E – used for solo parts in Brazil
-
G D A E – mandolin tuning
-
G C E A – ‘ cavacolele’ tuning, the same as the soprano/tenor ukulele
-
D G B E – the same as the highest four strings in standard guitar tuning, often used by guitarists, and the same tuning used for the baritone ukulele
Forms
There are several forms of cavaquinho used in different regions and for different styles of music. Separate varieties are named for
Portugal,
Braga District (
braguinha),
Minho Province (
minhoto),
Lisbon,
Madeira,
Brazil, and
Cape Verde; other forms are the
braguinha, ‘
cavacolele’, cavaco, machete, and
ukulele.
Machete and braguinha
The
machete is a variety of the cavaquinho from
Madeira. It is a predecessor of the modern
ukulele. The
Machete de Braga (“
Braga District-style
machete”) is called a
braguinha.
Minhoto
The
minhoto cavaquinho, associated with the Minho region in
Portugal is similar to the
viola braguesa. Its neck is on the same level as the body. Like the
viola braguesa, the minhoto's
sound hole was traditionally shaped like a stylized ray (fish); the shape is called “
raia” in Portuguese.
International use
Different forms of cavaquinho have been adapted in different regions. Varieties used outside of
Iberia are found in
Brazil,
Cape-Verde, and
Madeira. The locally iconic
Caribbean cuatro family and the
Hawaiian Islands were both adapted from the cavaquinho.
Brazil
The
cavaquinho is slightly larger than the Portuguese cavaquinho, resembling a small
classical guitar. Its neck is raised above the level of the
sound box, and the sound hole is usually round, like cavaquinhos from
Lisbon and
Madeira.
The cavaquinho is a very important instrument in samba and choro music. It is played with a pick, with sophisticated percussive strumming beats that connect the rhythm and harmony by playing the rhythm “comping”. Some of the most important players and composers of the Brazilian instrument are Waldir Azevedo, Paulinho da Viola, and Mauro Diniz.
Cape Verde
In
Cape Verde the cavaquinho was introduced in the 1930s from Brazil. The present-day Cape-Verdean cavaquinho is very similar to the Brazilian one in dimensions and tuning. It is generally used as a rhythmic instrument in Cape-Verdean music genres (such as
morna,
coladeira,
mazurka) but it is occasionally used as a melodic instrument.
Hawaii
The
ukulele also has four strings and a shape similar to the cavaquinho,
although tuned differently – usually
G C E A.
The ukulele is an iconic element of popular music, which spread to the continental United States in the early 20th century. It was developed from the braguinha and rajão, brought to Hawaii in the late 19th century by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira.
The machete was introduced into Hawaii by Augusto Dias, Manuel Nunes, and João Fernandes in 1879, which further influenced the development of the ukulele.
Northern Latin America and the Caribbean
The
cuatro is a family of larger 4-stringed instruments derived from the cavaquinho that are popular in Latin-American countries in and around the
Caribbean. Versions of the iconic Venezuelan cuatro are very similar to the Brazilian cavaquinho, with a neck laid level with the
sound box, like a Portuguese cavaquinho.
Origins
The origins of this
Portugal instrument are elusive. Author Gonçalo Sampaio holds that the cavaquinho and the
guitar may have been brought to
Braga by the
.
Sampaio explains Minho Province’s archaic and Hellenistic modes by possible survival of Greek influences on the ancient Gallaeci of the region, and stresses the link between this instrument and historical Hellenistic tetrachords.
See also
Further reading
-
– A comprehensive chord dictionary instructional guide for the Brazilian and Portuguese cavaquinho.
External links