Caramel (, or /'kəʀæɱɵʟ/
The process of caramelization primarily consists of heating sugars slowly to around . As the sugar heats, the break down and re-form into compounds with a characteristic colour and flavour.
A variety of Candy, desserts, toppings, and confections are made with caramel, including tres leches cake, brittles, , pralines, flan, crème brûlée, crème caramel, and . Ice creams are sometimes flavored with or contain swirls of caramel.
Etymology
The English word comes from French
caramel, borrowed from Spanish caramelo (18th century), itself possibly from Portuguese
caramelo.
[ American Heritage Dictionary, 5th edition, 2011, s.v.] Most likely that comes from Late Latin
calamellus 'sugar cane', a diminutive of calamus 'reed, cane', itself from Greek κάλαμος. Less likely, it comes from Medieval Latin
cannamella, from canna 'cane' + mella 'honey'.
[ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st edition, 1888, s.v.] Finally, some dictionaries connect it to Arabic kora-moħalláh 'ball of sweet'.
[Littré, Dictionnaire de la langue française, s.v.][The arguments are summarized in Paget Toynbee, "Cennamella"—"Caramel"—"Canamell", The Academy, 34:864: 338, November 24, 1888.]
Sauce
Caramel sauce is made by mixing caramelized sugar with
cream. Depending on the intended application, additional ingredients such as butter, fruit purees,
, or
vanilla can be used. Caramel sauce is used in a range of desserts, especially as a topping for ice cream. When it is used for crème caramel or flan, it is known as clear caramel and only contains caramelized sugar and water. Butterscotch sauce is made with brown sugar, butter, and cream. Traditionally,
butterscotch is a hard candy more in line with a toffee.
Candy
Caramel candy, or "caramels", and sometimes called "
toffee" (though this also refers to other types of candy), is a soft, dense, chewy candy made by boiling a mixture of milk or cream, sugar(s),
corn syrup, butter, and vanilla (or vanilla flavoring). The sugar and glucose are combined and heated to reach ; the cream and butter are then added which cools the mixture. The mixture is then stirred and reheated until it reaches . Upon completion of cooking, vanilla or any additional flavorings and salt are added. Adding the vanilla or flavorings earlier would result in them burning off at the high temperatures. Adding salt earlier in the process would result in inverting the sugars as they cooked.
Alternatively, all ingredients may be cooked together. In this procedure, the mixture is not heated above the firm ball stage (), so that caramelization of the milk occurs. This temperature is not high enough to caramelize sugar and this type of candy is often called milk caramel or cream caramel. Even though caramel candy is sometimes called "toffee" and is also compared with butterscotch, there is a difference. While toffee and butterscotch are more closely related than caramel, they do have most of the same ingredients. However, toffee and butterscotch use molasses or brown sugar while caramel uses white sugar. They are also cooked at different temperatures and they each have their own cooking techniques that make them unique in taste and shape.
Salting
As early as the 19th century, baked products with caramelized sugar and salted dough appeared in certain regional cuisines, notably the
kouign-amann in the
Brittany region of France where this pairing is strongly apparent. During the early 20th century and following World War II, this pairing was expanded into other types of pastries and cakes.
Salted caramel sweets with milk or butter were sold in Brittany as early as 1946, reviving recipes already used before World War II. The Quiberon
In 1977, French pastry chef developed a significantly more stable salted caramel sweet in Quiberon, Brittany, in the form of a salted butter caramel with crushed nuts ( caramel au beurre salé), using Breton demi-sel butter.[Brian Edwards, "Salted Caramel—that ubiquitous flavour which is actually only as old as Star Wars", Daily Mirror,Feb 25, 2015 ] It was named the "Best confectionery in France" ( Meilleur Bonbon de France) at the Paris Salon International de la Confiserie in 1980. Le Roux registered the trademark "CBS" ( caramel au beurre salé) the year after.["Henri Le Roux: L'histoire d'un Maître Chocolatier-Caramélier", web site of Maison Le Roux ]
Salted caramel sweets became widely popular throughout France and other French-speaking European countries (notably Belgium and Switzerland, which already had a tradition for fine chocolate and confectionery), and for years French, Belgian and Swiss children added it to their goûter, a meal eaten around 4 pm to restore their energy after school. Goûter usually consists of bread with jam or caramel spread, croissants or pain au chocolat, fruit and hot chocolate.
In the late 1990s, Parisian pastry chef Pierre Hermé introduced his salted butter and caramel , and by 2000, high-end chefs started adding a bit of salt to caramel and chocolate dishes. In 2008 it entered the mass market, when Häagen-Dazs and Starbucks started selling it.
Originally used in desserts, the confection has seen wide use elsewhere, including in hot chocolate and spirits such as vodka. Its popularity may come from its effects on the of the human brain, resulting in "hedonic escalation".
Colouring
Caramel colouring, a dark, bitter liquid, is the highly concentrated product of near total caramelization, used commercially as
food colouring, e.g., in
cola.
Chemistry
Caramelization is the removal of water from a sugar, proceeding to
isomerization and
polymerization of the sugars into various high-molecular-weight compounds. Compounds such as
fructose Acid anhydride may be created from the
after water loss. Fragmentation reactions result in low-molecular-weight compounds that may be volatile and may contribute to flavor. Polymerization reactions lead to larger-molecular-weight compounds that contribute to the dark-brown color.
Caramel can be produced in many forms such as sauce, chewy candy, or hard candy depending on how much of an ingredient is added and the temperature it is being prepared at.
In modern recipes and in commercial production,
glucose (from
corn syrup or wheat) or invert sugar is added to prevent crystallization, making up 10–50% of the sugars by mass. "Wet caramels" made by heating sucrose and water instead of sucrose alone produce their own invert sugar due to thermal reaction, but not necessarily enough to prevent crystallization in traditional recipes.
See also
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Caramel apple, a whole apple covered in a layer of caramel or chocolate
-
Caramel corn, popcorn coated in caramel
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Dodol, a caramelized confection made with coconut milk
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Dulce de leche, caramelized sweetened milk
-
Fudge
-
Maillard reaction
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Nougat, using egg white rather than milk products
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Tablet, Scottish candy made with condensed milk
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Toffee, a type of confection
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