Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known . There are both Edible oil and industrial forms produced from rapeseed, the seed of several of the plant family Brassicaceae (mustards). The term "rapeseed" applies to oilseeds from the species Brassica napus and Brassica rapa, while the term canola refers to specific rapeseed varieties plant breeding to produce oil for use in human and animal foods.
Canola is produced as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[ ( ecfr.gov version)]
In commerce, non-food varieties are typically called colza oil.
History
The name for rapeseed comes from the Latin word rapum meaning turnip. Turnip, rutabaga (swede), cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and Mustard plant are related to rapeseed. Rapeseed belongs to the genus Brassica. Brassica oilseed varieties are some of the oldest plants cultivated, with documentation of its use tracing back to India from 4,000 years ago, and use in China and Japan 2,000 years ago.
Canola was bred from rapeseed cultivars of B. napus and B. rapa at the University of Manitoba in the early 1970s.
A genetically engineered rapeseed that is tolerant to the herbicide Roundup (glyphosate) was first introduced to Canada in 1995 (Roundup Ready). A genetically modified variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant canola variety to date. In 2009, 90% of the Canadian crop was herbicide-tolerant.[Johnson, Stanley R. et al Quantification of the Impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2006 National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, Washington DC, February 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2010.] In 2011, out of the 31 million hectares of canola grown worldwide, 8.2 million (26%) were genetically modified.
A 2010 study conducted in North Dakota found glyphosate- or glufosinate-resistance in 80% of wild natural rapeseed plants, and a few plants that were resistant to both herbicides. This may reduce the effectiveness of the herbicide tolerance trait for weed control over time, as the weed species could also become tolerant to the herbicide. However, one of the researchers agrees that "feral populations could have become established after trucks carrying cultivated GM seeds spilled some of their load during transportation". She also notes that the GM canola results they found may have been biased as they only sampled along roadsides.
Genetically modified canola attracts a price penalty compared to non-GM canola; in Western Australia, it is estimated to be 7.2% on average.
Production
+ Rapeseed oil production
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| 3.6 |
| 3.4 |
| 1.8 |
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| 26.7 |
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In 2022, world production of rapeseed oil was 27 million , led by Canada, Germany, China, and India as the largest producers, accounting for 41% of the total when combined (table).
Production process
Canola oil is made at a processing facility by slightly heating and then crushing the seed.
Cold-pressed and expeller-pressed canola oil are also produced on a more limited basis. About 44% of a seed is oil, with the remainder as a canola meal used for animal feed.
The oil has many non-food uses and, like soybean oil, is often used interchangeably with non-renewable petroleum-based oils in products,
Canola vegetable oils certified as organic are required to be from non-GMO rapeseed.
Nutrition and health
Nutritional content
Canola oil is 100% fat, composed of 63% monounsaturated fat, 28% polyunsaturated fat, and 7% saturated fat (table). The ratio of linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) to alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) is 2:1 (table). A reference amount of canola oil provides 880 of food energy and is a rich source of vitamin E (117% of the Daily Value, DV) and vitamin K (59% DV) (table).
Health research
Reviews indicate that consumption of canola oil can reduce blood levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) – two risk factors for cardiovascular diseases – and may help reduce body weight.
In 2006, canola oil was given a qualified health claim by the United States Food and Drug Administration for lowering the risk of coronary heart disease, resulting from its significant content of unsaturated fats; the allowed claim for food labels states:
"Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about 1 tablespoons (19 grams) of canola oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease due to the unsaturated fat content in canola oil. To achieve this possible benefit, canola oil is to replace a similar amount of saturated fat and not increase the total number of calories you eat in a day. One serving of this product contains x grams of canola oil."
Erucic acid
Although wild rapeseed oil contains significant amounts of erucic acid,[
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The erucic acid content in canola oil has been reduced over the years. In western Canada, a reduction occurred from the average content of 0.5% between 1987 and 1996
To date, no health effects have been associated with dietary consumption of erucic acid by humans; but tests of erucic acid metabolism in other species imply that higher levels may be detrimental.[Food Standards Australia New Zealand (June 2003) Erucic acid in food: A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment Technical report series No. 21; Page 4 paragraph 1; , ]
Canola oil is generally recognized as safe.
Glucosinolates
Another chemical change in canola is the reduction of glucosinolates.[ As the oil is extracted, most of the glucosinolates are concentrated into the seed meal, an otherwise rich source of protein. Livestock have varying levels of tolerance to glucosinolates intake, with some being poisoned relatively easily.]
Further reduction of glucosinolate levels remains important for the use of rapeseed meal in animal feed.
It is not completely clear which genetic changes from plant breeding resulted in the current reduction in this group of chemicals.[
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Comparison to other vegetable oils
Uses
B. napus is the source for canola as a high quality vegetable oil for human food products, and as a high-protein pomace to feed fish and farm animals.[ Canola oil is favored for its culinary qualities, and is used widely as a salad oil, for shortening, margarine, in deep frying, baking, sandwich spreads, and non-dairy creamers.][
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Apart from its use for human consumption, rapeseed oil is extensively used as a lubricant for machinery, in cosmetics, printing , fabrics, plastic products, and .[ It was widely used in European domestic lighting before the advent of Coal gas or kerosene. It was the preferred oil for train pot lamps, and was used for lighting railway coaches in the United Kingdom before gas lighting, and later electric lighting, were adopted. Burned in a Carcel lamp, it was part of the definition of the French standard measure for Lighting, the carcel, for most of the nineteenth century. In , such as in early Canada, rapeseed oil was used before the introduction of mineral oil. Rapeseed oil was used with the Argand burner because it was cheaper than whale oil.]
Biodiesel
Rapeseed oil is used as diesel fuel, either as biodiesel, straight in heated fuel systems, or blended with petroleum distillates for powering motor vehicles.[ Biodiesel may be used in pure form in newer engines without engine damage and is frequently combined with fossil-fuel Diesel fuel in ratios varying from 2% to 20% biodiesel.
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Rapeseed oil is the preferred oil stock for biodiesel production in Europe, Canada, and the United States, partly because rapeseed produces more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources, such as soybeans, but primarily because canola oil has a carbon footprint substantially lower than conventional diesel fuel.
Other edible rapeseed oils
Some less-processed versions of rapeseed oil are used for flavor in some countries. Chinese rapeseed oil was originally extracted from the field mustard. In the 19th century, rapeseed ( B. rapa) was introduced by European traders, and local farmers crossed the new plant with field mustard to produce semi-winter rapeseed.
In India, mustard oil is used in cooking.
Spanish rapeseed poisoning outbreak
In 1981, there was an oil poisoning outbreak, later known as toxic oil syndrome that was attributed to people consuming what they thought was olive oil but turned out to be rapeseed oil that had been denatured with 2% aniline (phenylamine). The substance was intended for industrial use but had been illegally refined in an attempt to remove the aniline.
==Gallery==
See also
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Botanol, a flooring material derived from canola oil
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List of canola diseases
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Triangle of U
Notes
Further reading
