Calydon (; , ) was a Greece city in ancient Aetolia, situated on the west bank of the river Evinos, 7.5 Roman miles (approx. 11 km) from the sea.
Mythology
According to
Greek mythology, Calydon was founded by
Aetolus in the land of the Curetes, and was called Calydon, after the name of his son, Calydon. Calydon and the neighbouring town of Pleuron are said by
Strabo to have been once the "ornament" of Greece, but by his time (late 1st century BC) had sunk into insignificance. It is frequently mentioned in the
Iliad by
Homer, who celebrates the fertility of the plain of "lovely" Calydon.
[Apollod 1.7.7; ] In the earliest times the inhabitants of Calydon appear to have been engaged in incessant hostilities with the Curetes, who continued to reside in their ancient capital Pleuron, and who endeavoured to expel the invaders from their country. A vivid account of one of the battles between the Curetes and Calydonians is given in an episode of the
Iliad.
The heroes of Calydon are among the most celebrated of the heroic age. It was the residence of Oeneus, father of Tydeus and Meleager, and grandfather of Diomedes. In the time of Oeneus Artemis sent a monstrous boar (the Calydonian Boar) to lay waste the fields of Calydon, which was hunted by Meleager and numerous other heroes. The Calydonians took part in the Trojan War under their king Thoas, the son (not the grandson) of Oeneus.
History
Calydon is not often mentioned in the historical period. In 391 BC, it was recorded as being in the possession of the
ancient Achaea, but the means of possession are unclear; however, it is better documented that
Naupactus was given to the Achaeans at the close of the Peloponnesian War, and it was probably the Achaeans settled at Naupactus who gained possession of the town.
In the above-mentioned year the Achaeans at Calydon, were so hard pressed by the Acarnanians that they applied to the
ancient Sparta for help; and
Agesilaus II in consequence was sent with an army into Aetolia. Calydon remained in the hands of the Achaeans till the overthrow of the Spartan supremacy by the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), when
Epaminondas restored the town to the Aetolians. In the civil war between
Julius Caesar and
Pompey (in 48 BC) it still appears as a considerable place; but a few years afterwards its inhabitants were removed by
Augustus to
Nicopolis, which he founded to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. It continues however to be mentioned by the later geographers.
[Julius Caesar B.C. 3.35; ]
Calydon was the headquarters of the worship of Artemis, and when the inhabitants of the town were removed to Nicopolis, Augustus gave to Patrae in Achaea the statue of this goddess which had belonged to Calydon.[, 7.18.8.] There was also a statue of Dionysus at Patrae which had been removed from Calydon.
Its site is located north of the modern Evinochori.
Archaeology
Previous and more recent excavations have revealed many buildings including:
-
the Hellenistic theatre of an unusual square plan
-
the Hellenistic Heroon (palaestra) with a rich tomb underneath the Heroon
-
the Artemis Laphria sanctuary with the temple of Artemis, smaller temple of Apollo, and remains of other buildings spanning the Geometric to the Hellenistic period
-
the Lower Acropolis where excavations were carried out recently uncovering a house from the 2nd cent BC
-
the Lower Town where a peristyle house and kilns were found
Finds
Many finds from the site including ancient terracottas from the temple of Artemis are exhibited in the
Archaeological Museum of
Agrinion and in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
See also
Bibliography
- Archaeological reports
- Discussions
