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Bustamite is a calcium manganese inosilicate (chain silicate) and a member of the wollastonite group. Magnesium, zinc and iron are common impurities substituting for manganese. Bustamite is the high-temperature polymorph of CaMnSi2O6 and johannsenite is the low temperature polymorph. The inversion takes place at , but may be very slow.Deer, W A, Howie, R A and Zussman, J (1978) Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd edition, Volume 2A, pages 574-585
Bustamite could be confused with light-colored rhodonite or pyroxmangite, but both these minerals are biaxial (+) whereas bustamite is biaxial (−).
Bustamite is a triclinic mineral, which could be described by a primitive unit cell, but the larger A-centered cell is often preferred, in order to facilitate comparison with the similar mineral wollastonite.Peacor and Prewitt (1963) The American Mineralogist volume 48 pages 588 to 596
The formula for bustamite is but it is sometimes written , and changing the formula in this way will change the value of Z. The structure is chains of SiO4 tetrahedra with repeat unit of three tetrahedra, unlike the pyroxenes where the repeat unit is two. Ca++ and Mn++ are positioned between the chains. There are 12 tetrahedra in the A-centered unit cell.
The unit cell, the formula and Z cannot be taken separately; they are interlinked and form a consistent set of values. This article adopts the A-centred unit cell (space group A) with a = 7.736 Angstrom, b = 7.157 Å and c = 13.824 Å, the formula and Z = 6. Deer et al. take the formula as so their value of Z is doubled to 12. Mindat apparently gives the lattice parameters for a face-centred cell, although they give the space group as P.
Both bustamite and johansennite are found at Franklin. Bustamite is moderately common there and occurs in a variety of assemblages, associated with rhodonite and tephroite, calcite and tephroite or glaucochroite and tephroite. Vesuvianite, wollastonite, garnet, diopside, willemite, johannsenite, margarosanite and clinohedrite also may be present.
Type locality
The type locality was originally taken as Tetela de Jonotla, Puebla, Mexico, and the mineral was named for the Mexican mineralogist José María Bustamante y Septiem, professor at the Mexico Mining Seminary.Alexandre Brongniart, « Sur la Bustamite, Bisilicate de manganèse et de chaux du Mexique », Annales des sciences naturelles, vol. VIII, Crochard, Libraire-Éditeur, Paris, 1826, p. 411-418 The material from Puebla, however, was later found to be a mixture of johannsenite and rhodonite,Dana's New Mineralogy Eighth Edition, Wiley so the type locality is now the Franklin Furnace, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, US.
Environment
Bustamite typically results from metamorphism of manganese-bearing sediments, with attendant metasomatism. At the (new) type locality, Franklin, the oldest rocks are Precambrian gneisses of mixed sedimentary and volcanic origin. Franklin Marble was deposited within these rocks, along with sediments containing zinc, manganese and iron minerals. These sediments were metamorphosed later in the Precambrian, then the rocks were uplifted from the late Precambrian into the Cambrian and quartzite was deposited on the eroded surface. In Cambrian-Ordovician time the quartzite was in turn overlain by limestone, and the rocks have been subject to uplift and erosion up to the present time.Drake, A A (1990) The regional geologic setting of the Franklin-Sterling Hill district. Symposium on the character and origin of the Franklin-Sterling Hill orebodies, Proceedings, pp. 14-31, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
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