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Batok, batek, patik, batik, or buri, among other names, are general terms for indigenous tattoos of the Philippines. Tattooing on both sexes was practiced by almost all ethnic groups of the Philippine Islands during the pre-colonial era. Like other Austronesian groups, these tattoos were made traditionally with hafted tools tapped with a length of wood (called the "mallet"). Each ethnic group had specific terms and designs for tattoos, which are also often the same designs used in other art forms and decorations such as pottery and weaving. Tattoos range from being restricted only to certain parts of the body to covering the entire body. Tattoos were symbols of tribal identity and kinship, as well as bravery, beauty, and social or wealth status. (1994). 9789715501354, Ateneo University Press. ISBN 9789715501354
Tattooing traditions were mostly lost as Filipinos were converted to Christianity during the Spanish colonial era. Tattooing was also lost in some groups (like the Tagalog people and the Moro people) shortly before the colonial period due to their (then recent) conversion to Islam. It survived until around the 19th to the mid-20th centuries in more remote areas of the Philippines, but also fell out of practice due to modernization and western influence. Today, it is a highly endangered tradition and only survives among some members of the Cordilleran peoples of the Luzon highlands, (2025). 9780764336027, Schiffer. ISBN 9780764336027 some Lumad people of the Mindanao highlands, and the Sulodnon people of the Panay highlands.Salvador-Amores, Analyn. Burik: Tattoos of the Ibaloy Mummies of Benguet, North Luzon, Philippines. In Ancient Ink: The Archaeology of Tattooing, edited by Lars Krutak and Aaron Deter-Wolf, pp. 37–55. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
Tattoos were symbols of tribal identity and kinship, as well as bravery, beauty, and social or wealth status. Most tattoos for men were for important achievements like success in warfare and headhunting, while tattoos in women were primarily enhancements to beauty. They were also believed to have magical or apotropaic abilities (especially for animal designs), and can also document personal or communal history. The pain that recipients must endure for their tattoos also served as a rite of passage. It is said, that once a person can endure the pain of tattooing, they can endure pain encountered later on in life, thus symbolically transitioning into adulthood. Tattoos are also commonly believed to survive into the afterlife, unlike material possessions. In some cultures, they are believed to illuminate the path to the spirit world, or serve as a way for to gauge the worthiness of a soul to live with them.
Their design and placement varied by ethnic group, affiliation, status, and gender. They ranged from almost completely covering the body, including tattoos on the face meant to evoke frightening masks among the elite warriors of the Visayans; to being restricted only to certain areas of the body like Manobo tattoos which were only done on the forearms, lower abdomen, back, breasts, and ankles. (2025). 9780313336959, ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313336959
Another tattooing technique predominantly practiced by the Lumad and Negrito peoples uses a small knife or a hafted tattooing chisel to quickly incise the skin in small dashes. The wounds are then rubbed with pigment. They differ from the techniques which use points in that the process also produces scarification. Regardless, the motifs and placements are very similar to the tattoos made with hafted needles.
Tattooing was a complicated labor-intensive process that was also very painful to the recipient. Tattoos are acquired gradually over the years, and patterns can take months to complete and heal. The tattooing process were usually sacred events that involved rituals to ancestral spirits ( anito) and the heeding of omens. For example, if the artist or the recipient sneezing before a tattooing, it was seen as a sign of disapproval by the spirits, and the session was called off or rescheduled. Artists were usually paid with livestock, heirloom beads, or precious metals. They were also housed and fed by the family of the recipient during the process. A celebration was usually held after a completed tattoo.
Ancient tattoos can also be found among mummified remains of various Cordilleran peoples in cave and hanging coffin burials in northern Luzon, with the oldest surviving examples of which going back to the 13th century. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering the arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. A 700 to 900-year-old Kankanaey people mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. The tattoo patterns are often also carved on the coffins containing the mummies.
When Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan expedition (c. 1521) first encountered the Visayans of the islands, he repeatedly described them as "painted all over." The original Spanish name for the Visayans, " Los Pintados" ("The Painted Ones") was a reference to their tattoos. (2025). 9781468315455, Abrams. ISBN 9781468315455
Cordilleran tattoos typically depict snakes, centipedes, human figures, dogs, eagles, ferns, grass, rice grains (as diamond shapes), rice paddies, mountains, bodies of water, as well as repeating geometric shapes.
Tattooing was a religious experience among the Cordilleran peoples, involving direct participation of the anito spirits who are attracted to the flowing blood during the process. Men's tattoos, in particular, were strongly associated with the traditions of headhunting. Chest tattoos were not applied until men had taken a head. The practice was outlawed during the American colonial period. The last tattoos associated with headhunting was in World War II, when Cordilleran peoples acquired tattoos for killing soldiers.
They survived up until the mid-20th century. Headhunting chest tattoos among men were the first to disappear, as the practice of headhunting ceased due to government bans and changing cultural norms. Arm tattoos and other decorative tattoos survived for a little while longer, until modernization and conversion to Christianity finally made most tattooing traditions extinct among Cordillerans. A few elders of the Bontoc people and Kalinga people retain tattoos up to today; but they are believed to be extinct among the Kankanaey people, Isneg people, Ibaloi people, and other Cordilleran ethnic groups. Despite this, tattoo designs are preserved among the mummies of the Cordilleran peoples.
There are also modern efforts to preserve the tattoos among younger generations. However, copying the chest tattoo designs of old warriors is seen as taboo since it marks a person as a killer. Copying the older designs is believed to bring bad luck, blindness, or an early death. Even the men who participated in conflicts defending their villages against the military or communist rebels during the Marcos era (1960s to 1970s), refused to acquire traditional chest tattoos on the advice of village elders. Modern Cordilleran designs typically deliberately vary the designs, sizes, and/or locations of tattoos (as well as include more figurative designs of animals and plants) so as not to copy the traditional chest designs of warrior tattoos; though they still use the same techniques, usually have the same general appearance, and have the same social importance.
Among the Kalinga people, whatok sa awi ("tattoos of the past") are distinguished from whatok sa sana ("tattoos of the present") or emben a whatok ("invented tattoos"). The former are culturally significant and are reserved for respected elders; while the latter are modern and used for decorative purposes only. Whatok sa sana are the tattoos given to tourists (both local and foreign), not whatok sa awi. Regardless, whatok sa sana are portions of or have similar motifs to whatok sa awi, and thus are still traditional.
Other tattoos for men include the babalakay, sun-like or cross-like tattoos on the thigh that represented spiders; and the hisi, a tattoo on the back of the hand to the middle of the forearm which is uniformly black except for a narrow untattooed line running along the pulse of the wrist. These tattoos are applied to all men as soon as they come of age and are not tied to headhunting. In women, for whom tattoos were largely decorative, they were also tattooed with the babalakay, usually on the throat and sometimes on the forearms, in addition to one or both thighs; and the tutungrat, a series of lines and dots on the back of the hands and fingers. Women's thigh tattoos were normally hidden by the tapis.
The Apayao tattooing tool, known as igihisi is unique among all Cordilleran hafted tools. It consists of an S-shaped curved length of rattan where a bundle of four or five needles are set on one end. Both ends of the rattan are then connected with a string to the middle part of the S-shape. In use, the tattoo artist rapidly taps the curve of the rattan nearest to the bundle of needles. Pigments (talang) made from soot and sugarcane juice are then rubbed unto the wounds created.
Apayao tattooing traditions are extinct today.
Men were tattooed on the chest, arms, face, stomach, and neck. Boys receive their first tattoo at the age of 10, usually consisting of a simple line on the nose or cheeks. The chaklag is only done after a man has taken his first head in battle. The chaklag begins around the nipple area and moves up to the shoulders and over the upper arms. Two or three sets of horizontal lines are placed on the upper arms, on the ends of the curving main design. When a man earns his chaklag, other members of his Dap-ay]] (a political subdivision within a community), including women and children, would also get tattooed.
Women, in contrast, were usually only tattooed on the arms. Arm tattoos were regarded as beautiful and signified their readiness for marriage. The arms were the most visible parts of the body during traditional dances called sagni. It is believed that men would not court women who are not tattooed.
Bontoc tattoo designs are usually repeating geometric patterns. They include star-like designs (falatong), zigzags (tik-tiko), lattice designs (alad), and ladder designs (tey-tey). In addition, figurative designs are also commonly used, including those depicting centipedes, ferns, rice heavy with grain (pang ti'i), lightning, and the stairs of a traditional house.
The Bontoc traditional tattooing tool is called the chakayyum. It consists of a wooden handle with needles attached at one end. The ink is made from soot mixed with water. Every village among the Bontoc had at least one tattoo artist.
Some mummies had unfinished tattoos, indicating they died before the full tattoos could be completed. Many of these mummies were stolen or moved into makeshift glass displays in the mid-1970s. But a majority were preserved in situ and were declared one of the National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines in 1973 through Presidential Decree 260.
Ibaloi tattoo patterns and designs are also depicted in their funerary blankets (variously known as panagpagpagan, dill-i, or kuabaw). These blankets were used to wrap the corpses of wealthy individuals. The designs are also found carved directly on the wooden coffins of the Kabayan Mummies.
The most characteristic burik design was the wheel-like representation of the sun (akew) tattooed on the backs of both hands (also preserved in the mummies). The entire body was also tattooed with flowing geometric lines, as well as stylized representations of animals and plants. The tattoos usually covered the chest, back, sides of the stomach, buttocks, arms, shoulders, hands, fingers, neck, throat, face, and legs among men. Among women, the tattoos usually begin above the elbow down to the wrist, the back of the hand, and the knuckles of the fingers. The geometric designs included lines and various shapes like circles, triangles, chevrons and others. The animals and plants depicted included centipedes (kamajan), snakes (oleg), lizards (batingal or karat), dogs (aso), and deer (olsa), among others. Other designs included stars (talaw), (nuang), (pad-padanga), rice mortars (pinat-pattu), basket weave (inak-akbu), zigzags (tiniktiku or batikua), seeds (pinak-paksey), and rivers (balenay). The designs are often highly individualized, and the preferred designs and combinations vary by village and by individual.
Much of the knowledge of the functions of the designs have been lost to time. Many of these designs were believed to have healing, apotropaic, or magical powers, and tied in closely with the Anito of the Ibaloi people. The animals and plants depicted were considered manifestations of Anito or omen creatures. Snakes, for example, are believed to be manifestations of wise ancestor spirits. While an ever-present design, the to-o, which depicted a small human figure with the arms and legs bent outwards at the elbows and knees, represented humankind in the material world. The sun, an iconic motif, was also considered a powerful nature spirit and a supreme deity, and was appealed to during hardships. The sun figures prominently in funerary rites, where the dead are always interred facing the sun. This is due to the belief that when the soul (kalaching) awakens in the spirit world, they will be greeted by their ancestors to join them in the convergence place of the spirits (kaapuan) on Mount Pulag.
Tattoos were also indicative of wealth and social status. Arm tattoos in men were particularly important as indications that their wearer belonged to a wealthy family (baknang), and not all men had them. Arm tattoos were also done for descendants of prominent members of a community. But the most important function of tattoos among the Ibaloi is to serve as identification markers so that their spirits will be recognized by their ancestors in the afterlife.
Tattoos were applied using hafted techniques. The needle was made from plant thorns (like citrus). The tattooing tools of the Ibaloi usually have a bundle of three needles, staggered apart slightly so that the points do not reach the skin at the same time. The ink was described as being derived from the fruits of the atilba plant ( Viburnum luzonicum), or from soot and water (or pig's bile) mixed with leaves from a native tomato-like plant. In the early 20th century, steel sewing needles (panatak) were also being used to tattoo both Ibaloi and Kankanaey women. However, most of these women would have already passed away by the 1980s. Ibaloi tattoo artists could either be male or female. Burik tattoos would take months to finish, and the tattoo artist often stayed with the client during the entire time, becoming almost a part of the client's family. The client was responsible for providing food and shelter for the artist.
The Ifugao tattoo instrument is comb-like with two or three points. Early 20th century examples were made entirely out of metal. Ifugao tattoos are largely extinct today and only survived among some older individuals.
The hafted tools used by the Itneg were described as having a brush-like bundle of ten needles made of plant thorns attached to a handle made from a bent buffalo horn. The "ink" was made from soot obtained by burning a certain type of wood.
Most other groups of Itneg people were already being assimilated by Christianized lowlanders by the 19th century. Among these groups of Itneg, tattooing was not as prominent. Adult women usually tattooed their forearms with delicate patterns of blue lines, but these are usually covered up completely by the large amounts of beads and bracelets worn by women. Some men tattoo small patterns on their arms and legs, which are the same patterns they use to brand their animals or mark their possessions. Warrior tattoos that indicate successful head-hunts were already extinct among the "civilized" Itneg, and warriors were not distinguished with special identifying marks or clothing from the general population.
Common tattoo motifs include centipedes (gayaman), centipede legs (tiniktiku), snakes (tabwhad), snakeskin (tinulipao), hexagonal shapes representing snake belly scales (chillag), coiled snakes (inong-oo), rain (inud-uchan), various fern designs (inam-am, inalapat, and nilawhat), fruits (binunga), parallel lines (chuyos), alternating lines (sinagkikao), hourglass shapes representing day and night (tinatalaaw), rice mortars (lusong), pig's hind legs (tibul), rice bundles (sinwhuto or panyat), criss-crossing designs (sina-sao), ladders (inar-archan), eagles (tulayan), frogs (tokak), and axe blades (sinawit). The same designs are used to decorate textiles, pottery, and tools. Some designs even specifically mimic the designs on the garments normally worn on that body part. Each design has different symbolic meanings or magical/talismanic abilities. The tinulipao, for example, is believed to camouflage warriors and protect them from attacks. Ferns indicates that a woman is ready to conceive, enhances their health, and protects against stillbirth. The hourglass and rice mortar designs indicate that a family is wealthy. Rice bundles symbolize abundance.
Like in other Cordilleran groups, men's tattoos were intimately linked to headhunting. Murder was considered wrong in Kalinga society, but the killing of an enemy was seen as noble act, and part of the nakem (sense of responsibility) by warriors for the protection of the entire village. A boy can only acquire tattoos after participating in a successful headhunting expedition (kayaw) or inter-village warfare (baraknit), even if they did not personally take part in the kill. The boy is allowed to cut the head off of slain enemies, thereby transitioning into adulthood (igam) and gaining the right to acquire a tattoo. Their first tattoo is known as the gulot (literally "cutter of the head", also pinaliid or binulibud in Butbut Kalinga). These were three parallel lines encircling the forearm, starting at the wrist.
Further participation in raids entitled him to more tattoos, until he finally receives the chest tattoos (biking or bikking, whiing among the Butbut Kalinga) that indicates his high social standing as part of the warrior class (kamaranan). The biking is a symmetrical design consisting of horizontal patterns on the upper abdomen, followed by parallel curving lines connecting the chest to the upper shoulders. Men with biking tattoos are considered to be respected warriors (maingor, mingol, or maur'mot). Back tattoos (dakag) were earned when a warrior successfully kills an enemy but retreats during a battle. The dakag consists of a vertical pattern following the spine, flanked by horizontal patterns following the ribs. Elite warriors who have fought in face-to-face combat had both chest and back tattoos. Both warriors and tattooed elders (papangat, former warriors) had the highest status in Kalinga society. Men's tattoos were believed to confer both spiritual and physical protection, similar to a talisman.
Women were tattooed on the arms, backs of the hands, shoulder blades, and in some cases, the breasts and the throat. Women's tattoos begin at adolescence, at about 13 to 15 years old, usually just shortly before or after the menarche (dumara). These were initially giant centipede designs made on the neck, shoulder blades, and arms. The tattoos are believed to help ease menstrual pain as well as signalling suitors that she is ready to marry. Tattoos on women's arms (known as sinokray) typically have several motifs, separated by lines. The children and the female first cousins of a renowned warrior were also tattooed to record their membership to a lineage of warriors.
Pregnant women also receive a characteristic tattoo known as the lin-lingao or chung-it. These are small x-marks made on the forehead, cheeks, and the tip of the nose. The marks are believed to confuse the spirits of slain enemies, protecting the women and the unborn children from their vengeance.
Tattoos were also believed to allow to see if a person is worthy of joining them in the spirit world (Jugkao).
Aside from prestige and ritual importance, tattoos were also considered aesthetically pleasing. Tattooed women are traditionally considered beautiful (ambaru or whayyu), while tattooed men were considered strong (mangkusdor). During pre-colonial times, people without tattoos were known as dinuras (or chinur-as in Butbut Kalinga) and were teased as cowards and bad omens for the community. The social stigma usually encouraged people to get tattooed.
Tattoo artists were predominantly male among the Kalinga, female artists were rarer. They are known as manbatok or manwhatok. Tattoos are first outlined with uyot, a dried rice stalk bent into a triangle, or with shaped wooden blocks. These are dipped into ink and used to trace patterns into the skin before the tattoos are applied. The uyot also serves to measure the scale of the tattoos, ensuring they are symmetrical.
The ink is traditionally made from powdered charcoal or soot from cooking pots mixed with water in a half coconut shell and thickened with starchy tubers. They are applied to the skin using an instrument known as the gisi (also kisi), these can either be citrus thorns inserted at a right angle to a stick, or a carabao horn bent with heat with a cluster of metal needles at the tip. The gisi is placed over the tattoo location and rapidly tapped with another stick (the pat-ik). The gisi can also be used to measure distances in symmetrical tattoos. The citrus thorn is preferred because the strong smell is believed to drive away malevolent spirits (ayan) which are attracted to the blood (chara). The tattooing process is traditionally accompanied by chanting, which is believed to enhance the magical potency and efficacy of tattoos.
Tattoo artists traditionally commanded very expensive fees. A chest tattoo for men or two arm tattoos for women, for example, would cost a pig, an amount of rice, an amount of silver, two kain (skirts) or bahag (loincloths), and beads of an equivalent price to a carabao or pig.
Another description comes from the French naturalist Antoine-Alfred Marche, who visited Mankayan, Benguet in the late 19th century. He noted that the Kankanaey tattoos were "done with great precision and depicting serpents and flowers sometimes, but most frequently executed with great care and method. As one becomes richer and more powerful, the designs increase. Some Kankanaey only have them around their wrists, while others have their arms, legs, and torso completely tattooed." Illustrations of Kankanaey tattoos were also drawn by his companion.
Descriptions of the tattoos of two chieftains of the Kankanaey people (known in historical records as the "Lepanto Igorot") were also recorded after they were taken to Madrid for the Exposición General de las Islas Filipinas in 1887. One of the chieftains (Gumad-ang) was described as having curved lines on the back of his arms that signified his tribal affiliation. The other chieftain, Lao-Lao, was described as having a toothed wheel representing the sun on the back of his right hand; another wheel with a cross in the center on the back of his left hand; two dog figures on his right arm; a dog and a frog figure on his left arm; another dog figure in his upper abdomen; and multiple scarified marks on his chest, abdomen, legs, and arms.
Both men and women wore tattoos. Men's tattoos were tied to headhunting and accomplishments in battle. It was rarer for men to have the full set of tattoos because headhunting as a practice was already in decline among the Kankanaey, who came under the Spanish colonial jurisdiction in the mid-19th century. Arm and hand tattoos in both men and women persisted longer since they were not tied to headhunting. Kankanaey tattoos today are virtually extinct.
The Kankanaey tattoo instrument is called a gisi. It consists of a set of thorns (or metal needles in recent times) set on a wooden handle. It is tapped unto the skin with a mallet.
However, since tattoo designs are usually identical with general crafting decorative patterns, it can be assumed that design patterns that survive in other Ibanag material culture (like in weaving, goldworking, and smithing), were also used for tattoos. These include designs like lozenges or eye shapes (nammata-mata), zigzags (lassigassing), stripes (buri-buri), and human figures (inattolayan), among others.
The Ibanag people believed that people without tattoos could not enter the lands of their ancestors in the spirit world.
Both men and women are tattooed, usually starting at around 8 to 10 years old. The location and designs of tattoos vary by tribe and by sex. Among the Manobo of the Pantaron Mountains, tattoos on the forearms and chest/breasts are found in both sexes, but tattoos on the lower legs and lower abdomen are restricted to women.
The designs of pangotoeb are predominantly simple repeating geometric shapes like lines, circles, triangles, and squares. They can also represent animals (like paloos, ), plants (like salorom, ferns), or human shapes. The patterns have individual names like linabod (parallel diagonal lines) or ngipon-ngipon (an unbroken straight line in between two broken lines).
Unlike most Philippine tattooing traditions, Manobo tattoos are not compulsory and do not indicate rank or status. They are largely decorative, though women's tattoos on the lower abdomen are believed to help ease childbirth as well as giving women strength for working the fields. The designs and amount of tattoos are also based solely on the preference of the recipient, though it is limited by location and what designs are appropriate for the recipient's sex.
Parents would usually encourage children to get tattoos by telling stories of a gigantic supernatural creature called Ologasi, which would supposedly eat people who are not tattooed during the Eschatology (baton). In Manobo mythology, Ologasi is depicted as an antagonist and a guardian of the gate to the spirit world (Somolaw) where the souls of the dead travel to by boat. Tattoos are also believed to help illuminate the way for a soul traveling to the afterlife.
Mangotoeb, tattoo artists, are also keepers of the knowledge of tattoo meanings. They are predominantly female or (historically) bakla. Some male practitioners exist but are restricted to tattooing other men, as touching the body of a woman who is not a relative or their spouse is regarded as socially inappropriate in Manobo culture. Mangotoeb learn their trade by apprenticing to an older practitioner from childhood (usually a relative).
Mangotoeb are traditionally offered gifts by the recipient before the tattooing process, usually beads ( baliog), fiber leglets (tikos), and food. This was to "remove the blood from the eyes" of the artist, as it is believed that over time, the artist's eyesight can fail due to seeing the blood incurred in the tattooing process. Certain (liliyan or pamaleye) also exist during the process. This includes the prohibition of the recipient from grabbing someone during the process (including the artist), not washing the new tattoos with water, and keeping the tattoo uncovered with clothing for at least three days after the process. However, the tattooing process itself is not regarded as a religious event, and do not involve rituals to the anito.
The tattooing process involves two documented techniques. The first uses a hafted bundle of needles to prick the skin in rapid tapping motions with a mallet, similar to other Austronesian groups in the Philippines. The second uses a small blade called goppos (also ilab or sagni). It is held like a pen by the artist and used to make quick short dash-like cuts on the skin, a few millimeters in length and depth. Unlike the hafted needle technique, this process also produces scarification. The ink is soot resulting from burning certain species of trees, most notably salumayag ( Agathis philippinensis). In modern times, with the increasing rarity of native trees, some artists use soot from burned instead. During the healing process, the wounds are rubbed with heated nodules of an epiphyte called kagopkop, which soothes the itching and supposedly keeps the tattoo color dark.
Visayan tattoos were characterized by bold lines and geometric and floral designs on the chest and buttocks. Tattoo designs varied by region. They can be repeating geometric designs, stylized representations of animals, and floral or sun-like patterns. The most distinctive feature is the labid, filled lines around thick that can either be straight, zigzagging, or sinuous. Shoulder work was ablay; chest and throat as dubdub; arms as daya-daya (or tagur in Panay); and waist as hinawak. Elite warriors also often had frightening mask-like facial tattoos on chin and face (reaching up to the eyelids) called bangut or langi meant to resemble crocodile jaws or raptorial beaks, among others. Women were tattooed on one or both hands, with intricate designs that resemble damask embroidery, or had geometric motifs on the arms.
The first tattoos were acquired during the initiation into adulthood (the Boxer Codex records this as around twenty years old). They are initially made on the ankles, gradually moving up to the legs and finally the waist. These were done on all men and did not indicate special status, though not getting tattoos was regarded as cowardice. Tattoos on the upper body, however, were only done after notable feats (including in love) and after participation in battles. Once the chest and throat are covered, tattoos are further applied to the back. Tattoos on the face are restricted to the most elite warriors. They may also be further augmented with scarification (labong) burned into the arms. (2025). 9789004301542, BRILL. ISBN 9789004301542
Indigenous Filipino tattoos have also become popular among the Filipino diaspora. A notable organization is the Mark of the Four Waves Tribe, founded by Elle Festin in 1998 in Orange County, California. It has hundreds of members of Filipino heritage and aims to revitalize the endangered tattooing traditions of the Philippines. Members consult with historians and selected tattoo artists to fashion tattoos based on their ethnic backgrounds. Their tattoos are notable in that they are chosen precisely for their connection to the ancestral cultures of the individual, not solely for aesthetics. (2025). 9780295742823, University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295742823
Batok designs have also been incorporated into modern garments like barong tagalog or even T-shirts.
The Philippine Tattoo Artists Guild (PHILTAG) hosts an annual tattoo exposition known as "Dutdutan" (from Tagalog language dutdut, "to insert ink with the use of needles").
Austronesian traditions:
Other neighboring and worldwide traditions:
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