Product Code Database
A balaur (plural balauri) in Romanian folklore is a type of Polycephaly European dragon or monstrous serpent, sometimes said to be equipped with wings. The number of heads is usually around three, but they can also have seven heads or even twelve heads according to some legends.
The balaur in folktale is typically evil, demanding or abducting young maidens or the princess, and defeated by the hero such as Saint George or the fair youth Făt-Frumos.
There is some lore in which the balaur is considered weather-making, and living in an airborne state, but these types of balaur are sometimes interchangeably called hala or ala, being confounded with the pan-Slavic air and water demon. The balaur (instead of the zmeu) is the vehicle of the weather-controlling Solomonari according to some sources.
There are also legends about the balaur in which they can produce precious stones from their saliva. Also, it is said that whoever manages to slay it will be forgiven a sin.
As reported by journalist Eustace Clare Grenville Murray, in Romanian folklore the balaur or balaurul is a serpentine being who guards treasures and princesses, coming to blows against heroic Fêt-Frumos.Murray, Eustace Clare Grenville. Doĭne: Or, the National Songs and Legends of Roumania. Smith, Elder. 1854. p. 137.
The balaur recurs in Romanian folktales as a ravenous dragon that preys upon maidens only to be defeated by the hero Făt-Frumos ("Handsome Lad"). The balaur may also be the abductor of the princess Ileana Cosânzeana, although according to Șăineanu the kidnapper of this princess is a zmeu in the form of giant with pebbly tails (or scaly tails). It is noted that the balaur and the zmeu are often confounded with each other.
According to folklorist Tudor Pamfile, there are three types of balauri in folk tradition: water-, land-, and air-dwelling. A type of balaur of the first type is a seven-headed monster that dwells in the well of a village, demanding maidens as sacrifice until defeated by either the hero named Busuioc or by Saint George.
The second type of balaur, according to Pamfile, is said to dwell in the "Armenian land" () where they produce precious stones. In Wallachia, it is also believed that the saliva of a balaur can form precious stones, according to American writer Cora Linn Daniels. Romanian scholar Mircea Eliade noted that the notion a precious stones are formed from a snake's spittle is widespread, from England to China.
The balaur is often associated with the weather and is alternatively called hala or ala, which is usually a Slavic term for a weather demon. This is the type Pamfile calls the "third type" that is air-dwelling. When two balauri meet and fight in the air, there ensues various meteorology damages such as uprooting of trees, or objects being tossed about. Another tradition is that the balaur uses the rainbow as its path and sucks moisture from any spot in order to cause rain. There is also lore about the balaur which is said to be quite similar to the Banat Bulgarians lore about the slavic dragon (locally called lam'a), which states that the lam'a draw water from the sea to fill the cloud.
Although the dragons ridden by the Solomonari are often said to be zmei (sing. zmeu), they were balauri according to some sources. A balaur was controlled by these weather-controlling sorcerers using "a golden rein" (or golden bridle; ). The dragons were usually kept hidden in the depths of a lake, until summoned by their riders.
The Serbo-Croatian blavor/ blaor/ blavur ("Scheltopusik") is cognate with balaur,Draucean, Adela Ileana (2008). "The Names of Romanian Fairy-Tale Characters in the Works of the Junimist Classics". In: Studii și cercetări de onomastică și lexicologie, II (1-2), p. 28. and is regarded as one of the few pre-Slavic Balkan relict words in Serbo-Croatian. The word is, however, unattested in Bulgarian, per Skok and Matasovic.
The Albanian and Romanian terms possibly stem from the same Thracian root, *bell- or *ber- "beast, monster","... elementelor grevate de incertitudinea si confuzia divergentelor de opinii: (I) first face parte din fondul prelatin, autohton a) din substratul comun român-albanez ... descinde, probabil, dintr-un radical tracic *bell- sau *ber - 'fiara'...". Rusnac, George. "Balaur (etimologii)". In: Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii «Alexandru Ioan Cuza» din Iaşi (Serie nouă, Secţiunea III, e. Lingvistică) vol. XXXVII-XXXVIII, 1991-1992, Omul şi limbajul său. Studia linguistica in honorem Eugenio Coseriu. Iasi: Editura Universitatii Al. I Cuza, 1992. pp. 351-360 351. the traces of which can also be found in the name of the Greek mythological hero Bellerophon ("the beast killer"). Skok traces its appearance in Slavic to a possible "Thraco-Illyrian" word *bolauras > blavor. However, Matasovic discards a Thracian source and considers the word to be ultimately of Illyrian origin, with the form *bulauras, leading to an ancient Slavic languages borrowing with the form *bъla(v)ur.
Name
In Eastern Romance
The word is attested in Daco-Romanian and Aromanian. In Romanian language the word appears with variations: balaoană, bălăuraş, bălăurel, balaurel, bălăuroaică, bălăuaua, and possibly in the shorter form bală. Similar words are attested in Megleno-Romanian, e.g., bular 'a type of large snake' and bălăura 'large (about plums)', and in Aromanian bularu 'red snake'.
Slavic comparanda
According to Ranko Matasovic, the word appears along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. In this regard, Croatian linguist Peter Skok located the following variations of the lexeme:
Etymology
The term Balaur (Aromanian bul'ar) is of unknown etymology. It has been linked with Albanian boljë/ bollë ("snake") and buljar ("water snake"). The Transylvanian Saxon balaur "dragon", and balaura, an insult term in Serbia, are borrowed from Romanian.
Legacy
Sciences
The maniraptor theropod Balaur bondoc is named after this creature.
Popular culture
Video games
Television series
In the 2020 TV series Dracula, the Count uses the alias "Mr. Balaur".
See also
Explanatory notes
Bibliography
Further reading
|
|
