Avadhūta (IAST , written as अवधूत) is a Sanskrit term from the root 'to shake' (see V. S. Apte and Monier-Williams) that, among its many uses, in some Indian religions indicates a type of mysticism or saint who is beyond egoic-consciousness, duality and common worldly concerns and acts without consideration for standard social etiquette. Avadhūta is a Jivanmukta who gives his insight to others and teaches them about his realisation of the true nature of the ultimate reality (Brahman) and self (Ātman) and takes the role of a guru to show the path of moksha to others.[ Roaming: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases (accessed: Sunday May 9, 2010)] Some Avadhūta also achieve the title of Paramahamsa.
Similar figures (colloquially called 'mad/crazy monks') are also known in Buddhist traditions, such as the medieval Zen monk Ikkyū, and the 20th-century Tibetan tulku Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche. In Tibetan Buddhism the equivalent type is called a nyönpa ().
Types
Georg Feuerstein frames how the term
avadhūta came to be associated with the mad or eccentric holiness or '
crazy wisdom' of some
antinomian paramahamsa who were often 'skyclad' or 'naked' (Sanskrit:
digambara):
Sacrifice
Sarat Chandra Das
et al. equate Chöd practitioners () as a type of avadhūta:
The rites of Chöd differ between lineages but essentially there is an offering of their body as food, a blessing to demons and other entities to whom this kind of offering may be of benefit, in a feast called the ganachakra. This sādhanā (practice) is common to another denizen of the charnel ground, Dattatreya the avadhūta, to whom has been attributed the nondualist medieval song, the Avadhuta Gita. Dattātreya was a founding guru (ādiguru) of the Aghori according to Barrett:
Mahānirvāṇatantram
John Woodroffe, in his translation of the
Mahanirvana tantra from the original Sanskrit into English under the
pen name "Arthur Avalon", may be the introduction of the archetype of "avadhūta" to the English-reading public, as none of the avadhūta
upanishads were translated amongst the collections of minor upanishads such as the
Thirty Minor Upanishads.
The
Mahānirvāṇa tantra is an example of a nondualist tantra, and the translation of this work had a profound impact on the
Indology of the early-to mid-20th century. The work mentions four kinds of avadhūta.
Brahmanirvāṇatantram
The
Brahmanirvantantra describes how to identify the avadhuts of the following types:
-
Brahmāvadhūta : An avadhuta from birth who appears in any class of society. Completely indifferent to the world or worldly matters.
-
Shaivāvadhūta : Avadhutas who have taken to the renounced order of life (sannyasa), often with unkempt long hair ( jata), or who dress in the manner of Shaivism and spend almost all of their time in trance (samadhi), or meditation.
-
Vīrāvadhūta : This person looks like a sadhu who has put red colored sandal paste on his body and wears saffron clothes. His hair is very well grown and is normally furling in the wind. They wear Hindu prayer beads made of Rudraksha, or of bones. They hold a wooden stick in their hand and additionally they always have a parashu (ritual ax) or damaru (small drum) with them.
-
Kulāvadhūta : These people are supposed to have taken initiation from the Kaula sampradaya or are adepts in Kundalini Tantra. It is supposedly very difficult to recognize these people, as they do not wear any outward signs designating them as avadhutas. The speciality of these people is that they remain and live like ordinary people do. They can show themselves in the form of kings, warriors, householders or beggars.
Relationship with the Natha Sampradaya
The
Natha Sampradaya is a form of
avadhūta panthan. In this
sampradaya,
Guru and
yoga are of extreme importance. The important book for the Nath is the
Avadhuta Gita.
Gorakshanath is considered the topmost form of the avadhuta-state.
Books
-
Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar's Avadhoota: Reason & Reverence, Indian Institute of World Culture, Bangalore, 1958.
-
The Avadhūtaka Upaniṣad is the 79th book of the Muktikā canon of Upaniṣads. It is a sannyāsa upaniṣad associated with the Black Yajurveda (कृष्णयजुर्वेद).
-
According to the International Nath Order of the Nath sampradāya, the Avadhūta Gītā is a text of Advaita Vedanta sung by Dattātreya and recorded by his disciples Svāmī and Kārtika.
See also
Notes
External links
