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Zamburak (, ), was a specialized form of self-propelled artillery from the early modern period featuring small mounted on and fired from camels. Its operator was known as a zamburakchi. It was used by the gunpowder empires, especially Safavid Iran, the Timurid Empire, and Afsharid Iran, due to the ruggedness of the Iranian plateau, which made typical transportation of heavy cannons difficult.
The zamburak became a popular mode of warfare in the 18th century in the Indian subcontinent. The Pashtuns used it in the Battle of Gulnabad, routing a numerically superior imperial Safavid army. It was also used successfully in the campaigns of Nader Shah when the shah and military genius Nader Shah utilized a zamburak corps in conjunction with a regular corps of conventional cannon to devastating effect in numerous battles, such as at the Battle of Damghan (1729), the Battle of Yeghevārd, and the Battle of Karnal. A large number of zamburaks were also successfully employed by Ahmad Shah Durrani during his raid in the plain in the Third Battle of Panipat against the Maratha Confederacy.
A zamburak consisted of a soldier on a camel with a mounted swivel gun (a small falconet) hinged on a metal fork-rest protruding from the camel's saddle. To fire it, the camel was put on its knees. The name is derived from the Persian language word for wasp zambur (زنبور), possibly in reference to the sound earlier camel-mounted crossbows made. The camel's mobility combined with the swivel gun's flexibility and heavy firepower made an intimidating military unit, although the cannon's accuracy and range were rather low. The light cannon was also not particularly useful against heavy fortifications.
The Dzungar Khanate used camel-mounted miniature cannons in battle.
Gunpowder weapons like guns and cannons were used by both sides during the Dzungar–Qing Wars.After their invention in 1861, were mounted on camels as well.
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