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Yueban () (Middle Chinese: */jiuᴇt̚-pˠan/ < Late Han Chinese: */jyat-pɑn/Schuessler, Axel. 2007. An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. p. 586, 155), colloquially: "Weak Xiongnu", was a tribe identified by Chinese historians as remnants of Northen Xiongnu.Book of Wei. Vol. 102. "悅般國，在烏孫西北，去代一萬九百三十里。其先，匈奴北單于之部落也。" Tr. "Yueban State is to the northwest of Wusun, at a distant of 10,930 lĭ from Dai. It formerly was the Northern Xiongnu chanyu's tribe." in Jetisu, now part of modern-day Kazakhstan. In Chinese literature they are commonly called Yueban. The Yuebans gained their own visibility after disintegration of the Northern Xiongnu state, because unlike the main body of the Northern Xiongnu, who escaped from the Chinese sphere of knowledge, the Yueban tribes remained closer to China.
The Yueban emerged after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederation. About 480s, the Yueban split into four Chuy valley tribes:Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian) Chuyue (處月), Chumi (處密), Chumukun (處木昆), and Chuban (處半).
One Yueban branch, Chuyue, later intermixing with Göktürks, formed the Shatuo of the Western Göktürk Khaganate.C. P. Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.424 The Yueban-descended Shatuo played an important role in Chinese dynastic history. In the 10th century the remaining Shatuo branch of the Chuy tribe possibly joined Mongolic-speaking Tatar confederation in the territory of the modern Mongolia, and became known as Ongud or White TatarsOzkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"//The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98, Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252 branch of the Tatars.
Another Yueban-descended tribe, Chumukun, might be associated with the Kimek confederation.
Gumilyov further identified Yueban with the Altï Čub Soğdak "Six Prefectures' Sogdians".Gumilyov, L. Millenium around the Caspian Sea Ch. 49. Litres, 2014. in Russian Meanwhile, Sergey Klyashtorny identified the Altï Čub Soğdak with the Sogdian-populated "Six Barbarian Prefectures" (六胡州 Liùhúzhōu)Klyashtorny S. G. Ancient Turkic runic monuments as a source on the history of Central Asia Moscow, 1964. p. 78-80, 93-94 of Lu 魯, Li 麗, Han 含 (or She 舍), Saka 塞, Yi 依, and Qi 契, established by Tang dynasty Chinese in 679Pulleyblank, E.G. "A Sogdian Colony in Inner Mongolia" T'oung Pao, 2nd Series, Vol. 41, Livr. 4/5 (1952), p. 326-327 from "surrendered Turks" (降突厥), New Book of Tang. Vol. 37 "originally a Sogdian people who had submitted collectively to the Eastern Turks"Moribe, Y. "The Sogdian Turks and Shatuo in Daibei during the Late Tang and Five Dynasties Periods" 東洋史研究 Vol. 62, Issue 4. (2004). Pages 660-693 Later on, Altï Čub Soğdak were mentioned in Kul Tegin inscription as enemies of the Second Turkic Khaganate, Kül Tegin Inscription at Türik Bitig and they were conquered by Bilge Khagan in 701. The Six Prefectures also revolted against Tang, until Tang army dispersed them in 722.Namba Walter, M. "The Sogdians and Buddhism". Sino-Platonic Paper 174 (2006). p. 16
The defeat ended the prominence of the Xiongnu as a major power in inner Asia. Tanshihuai expelled the Xiongnu from Dzungaria to beyond the Tarbagatai Mountains, and pushed the Dingling beyond the Sayan Mountains. The defeat had cost the Xiongnu their revenue from the Silk Road in the agricultural dependencies in the Tarim Basin ("Western Territories", Xiyu or Xinjian of the Chinese annals), forcing them to find new dependencies, and the Xiongnu split again.
Tribes known as the "Weak Xiongnu" Book of Wei, vol. 102 "為漢車騎將軍竇憲所逐，北單于度金微山，西走康居，其 羸弱不能去者住龜茲北。" Tr. "Chased by Han dynasty General-of-Chariot-and-Cavalry Dou Xian, the Northern Chanyu crossed the Altai Mountains and fled west to Kangju. Those who gaunt, weak, and unable to run settled north of Kucha." or Yueban took advantage of the vulnerability of the neighboring Uar (a people possibly linked to the Hephthalites and/or the "Pannonian Avars" who later invaded Eastern Europe) and conquered Jetisu, where they established the principality of Yueban. Later, some Uar returned to Zhetysu, and in cooperation with the Mohe people, a Xianbei tribe, occupied the Tianshan slopes in the 2nd century, retaining their independence for some time as the Western Xianbei Horde.Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)
Zhetysu was also populated by the Azi (who lived between Suyab and Uzkent) and the Tuhsi. The Azi and Tuhsi are sometimes linked to AsiiGolden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples (1992). p. 53, 142Kubarev, G.V. "A Runic Inscription at Kalbak-Tash II, Central Altai, with Reference to the Location of the Az Tribe" in Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 44/4 (2016). p. 97-98 of 92–101 and Tushara;Prakash, B. Political and social movements in Ancient Punjab (1964) p. 96. Indo-European peoples who had conquered Bactria six centuries earlier, and formed the Kushan Empire. According to Persian historian Gardizi, Azi and Tuhsi were remnants of Türgesh,Zuev, Yu.A. (2002) Early Turks: Sketches of history and ideology Daik Press, Almaty. p. 153 (in Russian) along with Khalaj people.Pylypchuk, Ya. "Turks and Muslims: From Confrontation to Conversion to Islam (End of VII century - Beginning of XI Century)" in UDK 94 (4): 95 (4). In Ukrainian Karakhanid linguist Mahmud Kashgari described Tuhsi as a dynastic tribe of Turkic-speaking Monolingualism. (in Russian) This may suggest that Indo-European peoples underwent language replacement, in the form of "Turkification", had occurred. The Azi were also alternatively proposed to be Yeniseian-speaking, as Vasily Bartold noted the similarities between Old Turkic 𐰔 Az and the ethnonym Assan of a people who spoke an extinct Yeniseic Kott language dialect.
In 448 the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei received an envoy from the Yueban to negotiate a war with the Rouran. If the Yueban would pressure them from the west, the Rouran would lose any freedom to maneuver. Though no direct records exist about the war in Dzungaria, by the course of the events, there was no peace, and the nomadic empire of Rouran began to decline.
In the late 5th century the Yueban were attacked by the Tiele people, who had split from the Rouran in 487. The Yueban principality ceased to existed during the 480s and split into four tribes, known as the Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun, and Chuban.Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph16.htm (In Russian) The dominance of Yueban's Tiele enemies was short-lived: first, the Hephthalites conquered the Tiele (495-496), followed by the Rouran in 530sGolden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 79 and finally in 551, the Turks, as Rouran's vassals, again quelled Tiele's rebellion.Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 346–347
Nevertheless, the four splinter tribes still became major players in the First Turkic Khaganate. After the First Khaganate's disintegration, Chumukun were in the Duolu wing, whereas Chuban were in both Duolu and Nushibi wings of the Western Turkic Khaganate On Oq (Ten Arrows) elites.Old Book of Tang. Vol. 194Tongdian vol. 199 Much later, Chuyue branch, intermixing with Göktürk remnants, formed the Shatuo tribe in Southern Dzungaria, west of Lake Barkol.
An 8th-century Tibetan geographer mentioned Chumuhuns in Altai and south of it as the Ibilkur, and associated them with Külüg-Külchur. They were the only Chuy tribe that in the middle of the 8th century preserved their independence, in spite of being sandwiched between Karluks and Turgesh. Their possessions were on the west side of the Tarbagatai range.Bacot J. "Reconnaissance en Haute Asie Seplentrionale par cinq envoyes ouigours au VIII siecle" // JA, Vol. 254, No 2,. 1956, p.147, in Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.27 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot27.htm (In Russian) Chinese chroniclers listed Chumukun (處木昆), led by a * Külüg čor (屈律啜 Qulü chuo), as the first of five Duolu tribes in the On-Ok union.Tongdian, Vol. 199Old Book of Tang, Vol. 194Tishin, V.V. (2018). "Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification"
Based on a reconstruction of Yueban history, Lev Gumilev argued against a then-widespread view that the Rouran were synonymous with the "Pannonian Avars" or "Pseudo-Avars" (who attacked the Sabirs before invading Eastern Europe), because the Rouran would have had to pass through the Yueban state to attack the Sabirs.Gumilev L.N., "Hunnu in China", Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9 Note 26, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)
The Manichaean Chigils tribe's descendants, Shatuo, later founded the Chinese state Later Tang (923-936) in Northern China, and adopted a Chinese surname Li (李). The Shatuo had a predominant Dragon cult. Later Tang's founder Li Keyong also came from the Dragon tribe. The annals even noted that the Shatuo were praying "old services following the custom of the North" at the Thunder-mountain, at the Gates of Dragon.Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 145, Within China, Chuy Shatuo became active adherents and protectors of Buddhism and Taoism, and initiated construction of many Buddhist temples. Subsequent to Shatuo, most of these temples were demolished.Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"//The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 100
The Chumi (處密) tribe may be identified with the Čömül, another tribe opposing Rūm and spoke both Middle Turkic and their own "gibberish" (Ar. رَطَانَة raṭāna).Bailey, H. W. "Turks in Khotanese Texts", in The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1 (Jan., 1939), pp. 87
The Chumukun (處木昆) were identified by Gumilyov with the Kimek (which existed in the period of 743-1050 AD).Gumilev L.N. Ancient Turks, Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch. 27 (in Russian)Tishin, V.V (2018). "Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification" Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) listed the Kimek khaganate's seven constituents as Imi, , Tatars, Bayandur, Kipchaks, Lanikaz, and Ajlad. Much later, both Chumukun and Kipchaks would possibly contribute to the ethnogenesis of the Cumans.Gumilyov, L. (2009) Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John ch. 14 (in English; translated by R.E.F. Smith)
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