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Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese culture such as ballet, batik textiles, drama, literature, music, Javanese poetry, silversmithing, visual arts, and wayang puppetry. Renowned as a centre of Indonesian education, Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University, the country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious.
Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution, with Gedung Agung as the president's office. One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of the Mataram Sultanate between 1587 and 1613.
The city's population was 388,627 at the 2010 census,Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 373,589 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 375,699, composed of 182,840 men and 192,859 women.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Yogyakarta Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3471) The greater metropolitan area includes the city of Magelang and 65 districts across Sleman Regency, Klaten Regency, Bantul Regency, Kulon Progo and Magelang Regency regencies and was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010. Yogyakarta has the highest HDI (Human Development Index) of all Indonesian regencies and cities, with a score of 0.887.
In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the Javanese script as , read as with the added prefix nga-.
In the orthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with the Latin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the Indonesian language changed, the consonant came to be written with , and the consonant with . Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to contemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.
Mataram became the centre of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of the Kedu Plain, on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerous candi, including Borobudur and Prambanan.
Around the year 929 CE, the last ruler of the Sanjaya dynasty, King Mpu Sindok of Mataram, moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Central Java to East Java and thus established the Isyana dynasty. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption from Mount Merapi or a power struggle with the Sumatra-based Srivijaya kingdom probably caused the move.
Historians suggest that some time during the reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram. (2025). 9783030020323, Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783030020323
During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day Bantul Regency—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved to Kartasura.
With Pakubowono II dead from illness, the Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti ( Perjanjian Gianti), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephew Pakubuwono III and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royal Hamengkubuwono, still the ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into the Palace of Yogyakarta, still the seat of the Hamengkubuwono X, on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rival Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate.
During the brief period of British rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by the Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812, Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt.Tim Hanningan, "When Raffles ran Java", historytoday.com.
The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind in Indonesian history, leaving the Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during the Java War.
The Sultanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were accordingly awarded privileged statuses as "Special Regions" within the Indonesian Republic. However, because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into Central Java Province.
Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later Operation Kraai, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 resulted in an Indonesian political and strategic victory against the Dutch and the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Yogyakarta. On 29 June 1949 Yogyakarta was completely cleared of Dutch forces, under pressure from the United Nations.
For its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given autonomy as a "special district",Theodore Friend (2025). 9780674018341, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674018341 making it the only region headed by a recognised monarchy in Indonesia.
Surrounding the Kraton is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout the city, and the ruins of the Taman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction.
Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi, with the northern outskirts of the city running up to the southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency. Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in January 2024.
Yogyakarta is divided into fourteen district-level subdivisions called kemantren (), which makes Yogyakarta the only city in Indonesia to have such a designation, as it applied only within the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Below is a list of the kemantrens with their areas and their populations as at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Yogyakarta Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3471) The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages within each district, and its post codes.
| Mantrijeron ꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦗꦼꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ | 55141 - 55143 | |
| Kraton ꦏꦿꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ | 55131 - 55133 | |
| Mergangsan ꦩꦼꦂꦒꦁꦱꦤ꧀ | 55151 - 55153 | |
| Umbulharjo ꦈꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦭ꧀ꦲꦂꦗ | 55161 - 55167 | |
| Kotagede ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦝꦺ | 3 | 55171 - 55173 |
| Gondokusuman ꦒꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦸꦱꦸꦩꦤ꧀ | 55221 - 51225 | |
| Danurejan ꦢꦤꦸꦸꦉꦗꦤ꧀ | 55211 - 55213 | |
| Pakualaman ꦥꦏꦸꦮꦭꦩ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ | 2 | 55111 - 55112 |
| Gondomanan ꦒꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦤꦤ꧀ | 55121 - 55122 | |
| Ngampilan ꦔꦩ꧀ꦥꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ | 55261 - 55262 | |
| Wirobrajan ꦮꦶꦫꦧꦿꦗꦤ꧀ | 55251 - 55253 | |
| Gedongtengen ꦒꦼꦝꦺꦴꦁꦠꦼꦔꦼꦤ꧀ | 55271 - 55272 | |
| Jetis ꦗꦼꦛꦶꦱ꧀ | 55231 - 55233 | |
| Tegalrejo ꦠꦼꦒꦭ꧀ꦉꦗ | 55241 - 55244 | |
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To rapidly jumpstart the economy, a plan for the 2nd phase of Indonesian high speed train is currently being developed from Bandung to Yogyakarta and Surakarta, initiating construction by 2020, which is projected to be completed by 2024. This proposal would connect to other high-speed rail in Indonesia.
Since its founding, Yogyakarta has been a multicultural city inhabited by various ethnicities and religions. Several places of worship have existed for a long time, such as Kauman Great Mosque, Syuhada Mosque, Kotagede Mosque, HKBP Church, Kotabaru Catholic Church, Tjen Ling Kiong Temple, and Fuk Ling Miau Temple.
Yogyakarta is also the birthplace of one of Indonesia's largest Islamic organizations, Muhammadiyah, founded by Ahmad Dahlan in 1912 in Kauman, Ngupasan, Gondomanan, Yogyakarta. To this day, the Central Board of Muhammadiyah is still headquartered in Yogyakarta.
In 2018, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono X, called for religious freedoms to be preserved after a terrorist attack against churches and public buildings in Surabaya the same year.
Yogyakarta is the birthplace of the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI), the national governing body for football in the country. It was founded by Soeratin Sosrosoegondo on April 19, 1930, initially under the name Persatuan Sepak Raga Seluruh Indonesia. The original building now serves as the PSSI Monument.
The city is also home to the Indonesian Air Force Academy, located on the Adisucipto Airport complex.
Primagama, one of the largest tutoring institutions in Indonesia, is headquartered in the city.
Yogyakarta has two passenger railway stations, Yogyakarta Station which serves business and executive class trains, and Lempuyangan Station which serves economy class trains; both stations are located in the centre of the city. Yogyakarta Station is the terminus of two commuter train services: KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo, which runs to Solo Balapan Station in the city of Surakarta and Prambanan Express (Prameks), which runs to Kutoarjo Station in Kutoarjo. Other commuter trains run from Madiun Jaya (Madiun Station-Lempuyangan Station), and Joglosemar (Semarang Poncol Station-Lempuyangan Station). Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link links Yogyakarta International Airport to the city center.
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