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Until 2019, Xue Long was the only Chinese icebreaking research ship in service. A second Chinese polar icebreaker named , slightly smaller but more capable, entered service in July 2019.
Xue Long is long and has a beam of . When loaded to a draft of , she has a displacement of 21,025 tons. The ship was originally powered by a single 8-cylinder BMZ 8DKRN60/195 low-speed, two-stroke diesel engine, a licence-built version of B&W 8L60MC, producing . During the 2013 refit, the main engine was replaced with an equally powered Wärtsilä 6RT-flex60C diesel engine. The main engine is coupled to a ducted propeller controllable-pitch propeller. La Chine s'intéresse à l'Arctique et à l'Antarctique — Textes Gilles Barnichon & Françoise Massard / Photos Agence Adhemar . In open water, Xue Long can achieve a maximum speed of while in ice she can proceed at . Originally designed for the Soviet Arctic ice class ULA, the China Classification Society (CCS) has assigned her ice class B1*.
Xue Long has a crew of 34 and can accommodate 128 researchers or passengers. She has of laboratory space. In addition to a Kamov Ka-32 "Xueying" (Snow Eagle) helicopter, the ship also carries an Arctic-class ARV autonomous underwater vehicle on a regular basis.
The inability of the Canadian authorities to track the vessel stirred enough controversy that the incident is still being cited as evidence of Canadian unpreparedness to defend its northern sovereignty.
Although used primarily to support China's annual expeditions to Antarctica, Xue Long has made four voyages to the Arctic, via the Bering Strait in 1999, 2003, 2008 and summer 2010. During her 82-day voyage in July–September 2010, the ice-strengthened research ship was able to reach a new 'highest North' record (for China), reaching 88.22 degrees North latitude, at 177.20 degrees West longitude. At that point a team of scientists boarded the ship's Ka-32 helicopter and flew to the North Pole on 20 August 2010.China's Xinhua news agency report from onboard Xue Long, 31 August 2010; "Icebreaker Xuelong ends Arctic Scientific Expedition" ; accessed 20 January 2012. The ship returned to Shanghai on 20 September 2010. At China's annual Polar conference held in Shanghai in September 2011, the director of the Antarctic & Arctic agency said that Xue Long would undertake her fifth voyage to the Arctic in July 2012.
In January 2019, Xue Long hit an iceberg during sea fog whiteout in the Amundsen Sea and sustained damage when about 250 tonnes of ice fell on the ship. CCTV channels had video of sailors removing large blocks of ice, and China's Ministry of Natural Resources reported damage to the foredeck and mast. Chinese icebreaker damaged after hitting iceberg in Antarctica, CCTV/ABC News Online, 23 January 2019
On 2 January 2014 beginning at 18:15 Australian time (07:15 GMT) the Ka-32 helicopter from the Xue Long conducted five flights airlifting groups of 12 people from the ice next to the Akademik Shokalskiy and landing them on an ice floe near the Aurora Australis. Two additional flights were made to collect their equipment and baggage. The passengers were transferred to a small boat which took them to the Australian ship Aurora Australis as the Ka-32 helicopter is too heavy for the helipad of the Australian icebreaker. The airlift was completed within four hours. By 3 January, the Xue Long remained trapped in ice itself although it was in no immediate danger and her captain declined assistance from the still-nearby Aurora Australis. On 4 January 2014, the American icebreaker Polar Star was dispatched to assist Akademik Shokalskiy and Xue Long at request of the Chinese and Australian authorities. However, on 7 January 2014, a change of wind direction which loosened the icepack around the ships enabled Xue Long and Akademik Shokalskiy to work their own way free before the American ship arrived.
Arctic expeditions
The ship undertook a second Arctic expedition from 15 July to 26 September 2003. More recently the ship had been used in connection with China's efforts to maintain a scientific presence in the Antarctic.
Trans-Arctic voyage, 2012
In the summer of 2012 Xue Long became the first ship from the People's Republic of China to cross the Arctic Ocean to Europe amid the record ice melt. First Chinese ship crosses Arctic Ocean amid record melt 17 August 2012 The Xue Long left port on 2 July, sailed through the Bering Strait then joined a westbound convoy on the Northern Sea Route to the Barents Sea, before arriving in Iceland in mid-August. It departed Iceland on 20 August, sailed past Svalbard—without stopping to visit China's Arctic Yellow River Station—and made a run at the North Pole, falling short. It then sailed a high-latitude line east, back to the Bering Strait, returning to her base in Shanghai on 27 September 2012, completing its fifth Arctic voyage.
Icebreaker Xuelong concludes Arctic expedition "Unfortunately we didn't reach the North Pole because Xue Longs icebreaking capability isn't strong enough," said one of the ship's officers. The highest latitude reached on that voyage was 87°37' N.
Arctic circumnavigation, 2017
In 2017, Xue Long circumnavigated the Arctic, transiting both Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage.
Antarctic operations
Xue Long provides annual resupply for China's Antarctic Zhongshan Station at Prydz Bay. REPORT OF RUSSIA–US JOINT ANTARCTIC INSPECTION
Rescue operation of Akademik Shokalskiy, 2013–2014
In December, 2013, Xue Long embarked on her first circumpolar voyage in Antarctic. It was heading eastward from Zhongshan Station when it was dispatched along with several other icebreakers by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority to free Akademik Shokalskiy which had become trapped in ice off the East Antarctic coast. By 27 December, Xue Long, closed to within 6 nautical miles of the Akademik Shokalskiy, but had stalled in its efforts to complete the rendezvous due to encountering thick ice. Xue Long withdrew to open water to rendezvous with and provide air support for Aurora Australis and Ywam Liberty.
On 30 December, after all three icebreakers had failed to penetrate the icepack, a decision was reached to use Xue Longs helicopter to evacuate the 52 passengers off Akademik Shokalskiy, but the flights were grounded due to continuing extreme weather conditions. Originally, the plan was to have the helicopter ferry the passengers to a barge with which they would sail to the Aurora Australis, but the Xue Long became stuck in sea ice itself, unable to launch the barge.
Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
Following the Akademik Shokalskiy rescue operation in the Antarctic, Xue Long docked in Perth, Western Australia. On 8 March 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing disappeared. Satellite imagery from the Australian authorities led the search for the aircraft to an area in the Indian Ocean, approximately south-west of Perth. Due to its proximity to this area, Xue Long was dispatched to join the multinational search operation.
See also
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