Whitsun (also Whitsunday or Whit Sunday) is the name used in Britain,[The others being Yuletide, the week following Christmas, and Easter Week, the week following Easter that ended at Hocktide (Homans 1991).] on most Feudalism he was free from service on the lord's demesne this week, which marked a pause in the agricultural year.[George C. Homans, English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century, 2nd ed. 1991:369.] Whit Monday, the day after Whitsun, remained a holiday in Britain until 1971[Banking and Financial Dealings Act, 1971, Schedule 1, para 1.] when, with effect from 1972, the ruling Conservative Government decided to permanently replace it, following a five-year trial period, with a Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May.
Whit had been the occasion for many varied forms of celebration, and was of significant cultural importance. It was a custom for children to receive a new set of clothes, even among the poorest families, a tradition which continued well into the 20th century.
In the North West of England, church and chapel parades called whit walks still take place at this time (sometimes on Whit Friday, the Friday after Whitsun).
Etymology
The name is a contraction of "White Sunday", attested in "the Holy Ghost, whom thou didst send on Whit-sunday"
in the
Old English homilies, and parallel to the mention of hwitmonedei in the early 13th-century
Ancrene Riwle.
[Both noted in Walter William Skeat, An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, s.v. "Whitsun".] Walter William Skeat noted that the
Anglo-Saxon word also appears in Icelandic
hvitasunnu-dagr, but that in English the feast was called
Pentecoste until after the
Norman Conquest, when
white (hwitte) began to be confused with
wit or understanding.
[Skeat.] According to one interpretation, the name derives from the white garments worn by
, those expecting to be
Baptism on that Sunday.
Moreover,
Sarum Use white vestments, rather than the more usual red, were traditional for the day and its octave. A different tradition is that of the young women of the parish all coming to church or chapel in new white dresses on that day. However, Augustinian canon
John Mirk (c. 1382–1414), of
Lilleshall Abbey, Shropshire, had another interpretation:
Goode men and woymen, as ȝe knowen wele all, þys day ys called Whitsonday, for bycause þat þe Holy Gost as þys day broȝt wyt and wysdome ynto all Cristes dyscyples. 'Good[ Theodore Erbe (editor) (1905). Mirk's Festial: a Collection of Homilies, Kegan Paul et al., for the Early English Text Society, p.159 accessed 15 December 2014 at Internet Archive.]
Thus, he thought the root of the word was "wit" (formerly spelt "wyt" or "wytte") and Pentecost was so-called to signify the outpouring of the wisdom of the Holy Ghost on Christ's disciples.
The following day is Whit Monday, a name coined to supersede the form Monday in Whitsun-week used by John Wycliffe and others. The week following Whit Sunday is known as "Whitsuntide" or "Whit week".
History
As the first holiday of the summer, Whitsun was one of the favourite times in the traditional calendar, and Whit Sunday, or the following week, was a time for celebration. This took the form of fêtes, fairs, pageants and parades, with
Parish ale and
Morris dancing in the south of England and Whit walks,
and
Wakes week in the north.
A poster advertising the Whitsun festivities at Sunbury, Middlesex in 1778 listed the following attractions:
On Whit Monday, in the morning, will be a punting match...The first boat that comes in to receive a guinea ...In the afternoon a gold-laced hat, worth 30s. to be cudgell'd for... On Whit Tuesday, in the morning, a fine Holland smock and ribbons, to be run for by girls and young women. And in the afternoon six pairs of buckskin gloves to be wrestled for.
In Manchester during the 17th century, the nearby Kersal Moor Whit races were the great event of the year. Large numbers of people turned the area into a giant fairground for several days.
It is customary for the cotton mills etc., to close for Whitsuntide week to give the hands a holiday; the men going to the races etc. and the women visiting Manchester on Whit-Saturday, thronging the markets, the Royal Exchange and the Infirmary Esplanade, and other public places: And gazing in at the shop windows, whence this day is usually called 'Gaping Sunday'.
Whit Monday was officially recognised as a bank holiday in the UK in 1871 and was observed for 100 years, but it lost this status in 1972 when the fixed Spring Bank Holiday was created.
In literature
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1485: Thomas Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur has the Knights of the Round Table witness a divine vision of the Holy Grail on a Whitsunday, prompting their quest to find its true location.
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1607: Thomas Middleton refers to "the Whitsun holy-days" in Michaelmas Term (IV.i.73).
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1611: In Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, Perdita imagines that she plays "as I have seen them do / In Whitsun pastorals" (IV.iv.133-34).
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1617: James I's Declaration of Sports encouraged "Parish ale", among other things, as soon as church was over on a Sunday.
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1633: George Herbert wrote a poem called "Whitsunday", first published in The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations.
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1759-67: Laurence Sterne's novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman contains several allusions to Whitsuntide.
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1785: Samuel Johnson records in his Prayers and Meditations that "Between Easter and Whitsun-tide 1773 attempted to learn the Low Dutch language." James Boswell reproduces the remark in his Life of Samuel Johnson (1791).
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1787: The Whitsun Donative was an anonymous satirical pamphlet inspired by Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy.
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1844: Whitsun is central to religious life in Swiss author Jeremias Gotthelf's novel Money and Spirit.
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1849: Charlotte Brontë's novel Shirley contains an episode set against a Whitsun-tide procession in which Anglicanism parishioners are confronted by dissenters.
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1853: Charles Dickens sets a scene in the life of King Edward I on "one Friday in Whitsun week" in A Child's History of England.
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1853: Christina Rossetti wrote a poem called "Whitsun Eve", published posthumously in 1896.
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1861: George Eliot mentioned Whitsun in her novel Silas Marner.
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1875: Charles Dickens's posthumous collection The Uncommercial Traveller includes (in Chapter 21) a reflection on "one day in the Whitsun week last past".
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1875: In Anthony Trollope's book The Way We Live Now many of the aristocrats leave London and travel to their country estates, or those of their acquaintances, for the week of Whitsuntide.
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1896: H. G. Wells refers to Whitsun in "The Story of the Late Mr. Elvesham", later included in The Country of the Blind and Other Stories.
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1897: In H. G. Wells's The Invisible Man, important events take place around Whit Monday and subsequent days.
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1911: The short story "The Wrong Shape" in G. K. Chesterton's The Innocence of Father Brown takes place in Whitsuntide.
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1916: James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man contains reference (in Chapter 2) to a Whitsuntide play at Stephen Dedalus's school, Belvedere College.
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1922: James Joyce's novel Ulysses contains four references to Whit Monday. Leopold Bloom is stung by a bee on Whitmonday, 23 May 1904.
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1932: Agatha Christie's short story "Ingots of Gold" references Whitsuntide and Whit Monday as clues in solving the crime.
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1936: In Gladys Mitchell's Mrs Bradley detective novel Dead Men's Morris (Michael Joseph, 1936, reprinted 1986) the story of the murders of an Oxfordshire solicitor and his rival, a landowner, begins on Christmas Eve, and reaches its climax with a Morris dance performance on Whit-Monday.
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1938: In Graham Greene's Brighton Rock, Hale is murdered on Whitsun, kicking off events in the novel.
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1943: Kathleen Raine's poem "Whitsuntide 1942" provides the title for her first poetry collection, Stone and Flower, by referencing 'the world / of stone and flower that compels my thought... what nerve have I, beloved Lord, what sense / to know the holy presence of my God?'
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1950: The autobiographical novel A Voice Through a Cloud by Denton Welch concerns the author's near-fatal bike accident and its aftermath, which occurred on a Whitsun holiday.
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1957: Enid Blyton's Five Go to Billycock Hill is a novel in the Famous Five series of children's books set during a camping holiday at Whitsun.
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1961: Sylvia Plath wrote a poem called "Whitsun", published posthumously in 1971.
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1964: The Whitsun Weddings is a poem and the title of a collection by Philip Larkin.
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1965: "Whitsunday in Kirchstetten" is a poem by W. H. Auden, from his collection About the House.
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1973: Thomas Pynchon refers to Whitsun in his novel Gravity's Rainbow (section 2, 20).
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2010: In , a 2010 biography by Ron Chernow, George Washington is said to have included a drinking allowance in an employment contract with one of his gardeners, allowing "two dollars at Whitsuntide to be drunk four days and four nights" (p. 135).
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2011: Several episodes in author Jeff Wheeler's Muirwood Trilogy revolve around Whitsunday and its significance and impact on Muirwood's inhabitants.
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2022: Whitsun is mentioned in Gillian McAllister's Wrong Place Wrong Time.
In film
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1942: The Second World War film Went the Day Well? depicts the fictional takeover of an English village by German soldiers over Whitsun weekend.
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1995: takes place over the Whitsun holiday.
See also
