Vrindavan (; ), also spelt Vrindaban and Brindaban, is a historical city in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the Braj region and holds religious importance for Hindus who believe that Krishna, one of the main Gods in Hinduism, spent most of his childhood in this city. Vrindavan has about 5,500 temples dedicated to the worship of Krishna and his chief consort, Radha. It is one of the most sacred places for Vaishnavism traditions.
Vrindavan forms a part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" under development by the Indian Ministry of Tourism. The circuit also includes Mathura, Barsana, Gokul, Govardhan, Kurukshetra, Dwarka and Puri.
Etymology
The ancient
Sanskrit name of the city, वृन्दावन (), comes from its groves of
vṛndā (holy basil) and
vana (grove, forest).
History
Vrindavan has an ancient past, associated with Hindu culture and history, and was established in the 16th and 17th centuries as a result of an explicit treaty between Muslims and Hindu Emperors,
and is an important Hindu pilgrimage site since long.
In contemporary times, Vallabha Charya (an Indian saint from 15th century), aged eleven visited Vrindavan. Later on, he performed three pilgrimages of India, barefoot giving discourses on Bhagavad Gita at 84 places. These 84 places are known as Pushtimarg Baithak and since then have the places of pilgrimage. Yet, he stayed in Vrindavan for four months each year. Vrindavan thus heavily influenced his formation of Pushtimarg.
The essence of Vrindavan was lost over time until the 16th century when it was rediscovered by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. In the year 1515, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu visited Vrindavan, with the purpose of locating the lost holy places associated with Krishna's life.
In the last 250 years, the extensive forests of Vrindavan have been subjected to urbanisation, first by local Rajas and in recent decades by apartment developers. The forest cover has been whittled away to only a few remaining spots, and the local wildlife, including , cattle, and a variety of bird species has been virtually eliminated.
Prem Mahavidyalaya
In 1909, Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh established India’s first polytechnic college, Prem Mahavidyalaya in Vrindavan, with the dual vision of promoting education and nurturing nationalist thought.
During the inauguration of Prem Mahavidyalaya, Madan Mohan Malviya was also present. Over time, it evolved into an intellectual centre for revolutionary ideas and a meeting place for freedom fighters and Congress leaders.
Prominent figures such as Subhas Chandra Bose, Rabindranath Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, C.F. Andrews, and Jawaharlal Nehru visited the college, leaving their remarks in its visitor book. Mahatma Gandhi spent a day there on 19 April 1915, recording his admiration for Singh’s dedication to the national cause. In 1914, Mahendra Pratap Singh left Prem Mahavidyalaya to seek international backing for India’s independence.
Geography
Situated on the west bank of the
Yamuna River, about 15 kilometres north of
Mathura and 125 km from
Delhi, Vrindavan has an average elevation of 170 metres (557 feet). The
Yamuna river flows through the city.
Climate
The climate is hot
semi arid (BSh), bordering a humid subtropical climate (Cwa).
Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Vrindavan had a total population of 63,005, of which 34,769 were males and 28,236 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 7,818. The total number of literates in Vrindavan was 42,917, which constituted 68.11% of the population with male literacy of 73.7% and female literacy of 61.2%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Vrindavan was 77.8%, of which the male literacy rate was 83.7% and the female literacy rate was 70.3%. The sex ratio is 812 females per 1000 males. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 6,294 and 18, respectively. Vrindavan had 11,637 households in 2011.
Vrindavan lies in the cultural region of Braj.
Culture and cityscape
Religious heritage
Vrindavan is considered to be a sacred place for
Vaisnavism tradition of
Hinduism.
It is believed that Krishna spent part of his childhood in this city.
The other prominent areas surrounding Vrindavan are
Govardhan Hill,
Gokul, Nandgaon,
Barsana,
Mathura and
Chhari. Along with Vrindavan, all these places are considered to be the center of
Radha and
Krishna worship. Millions of devotees of
Radha Krishna visit Vrindavan and its nearby areas every year to participate in a number of festivals.
[ Vrinda means Tulsi (A sacred species of flora) and van as forest, therefore Vrindavan is a holy forest of Tulsi. Vijaypal Baghel, known as GreenMan is promoting, planting, and farming Tulsi in mass around the Vrindavan.] The common salutation or greetings used in
Braj by its residents is
Radhe Radhe which is associated with the Goddess Radha
or Hare Krishna which is associated with Krishna. Devotees of Krishna believe that he visits the town each night to adore Radha.
Temples
Vrindavan, the land of
Radha Krishna has about 5500 temples dedicated to them to showcase their divine pastimes.
[ Seven main temples of Vrindavan , Vrindavantoday.org] Some of the important pilgrimage sites are
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Shri Radha Madan Mohan Temple, located near the Kalidah Ghat was built by Kapur Ram Das of Multan. One of the oldest temples in Vrindavan, it is closely associated with Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The original deity of Madan Gopal was shifted from the shrine to Karauli in Rajasthan for safekeeping during Aurangzeb's rule. Today, a replica of the original (deity) is worshipped at the temple
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Sri Radha Raman Mandir, constructed at the request of Gopala Bhatta Goswami and houses a saligram deity of Krishna as Radha Ramana, alongside Radha.
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Banke Bihari Temple, built in 1862
after the image of Banke-Bihari was discovered in Nidhivan by Swami Haridas.
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Radha Vallabh Temple is one of the ancient temple of Vrindavan. It was constructed in 1585 AD and was the first temple made up of red sandstones.
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Radha Damodar Temple is a Gaudiya Vaishnavism temple, which is dedicated to Radha Krishna and was constructed in 1542 CE.
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Sri Krishna-Balarama Temple was built by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in Raman-Reti.
The principal deities of this temple are Krishna and Balaram, with Radha–Krishna and Gauranga-Nityananda alongside. Adjoining the temple is the samadhi of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of ISKCON, was built in pure white marble.
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Prem Mandir, one of the ten largest Hindu temples in the world,
is a spiritual complex situated on a 54-acre site on the outskirts of Vrindavan dedicated to divine love. The temple structure was established by spiritual guru Kripalu Maharaj. The main structure built in marble and figures of Krishna cover the main temple.
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Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir is housed in a modern geodesic structure with a traditional gopuram based on Khajuraho style of architecture. It is being built by one of the ISKCON factions based in Bangalore.
At cost of it will be the tallest temple in world on completion.
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Shri Rambag Mandir, Vrindavan Shri Rambag Mandir is a Ramanandi Sampradaya temple, which is the first and oldest Shri Ram Mandir. Made up of white sandstones and dedicated to Shri Ram Darbara, the temple was constructed in 1930.
City of Widows
Vrindavan is also known as the "city of widows"
due to the large number of
who move into the town and surrounding area after losing their husbands. There are an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 widows.
Many live in extreme poverty and spend time singing
bhajan hymns at
ashram, as documented in historian William Dalrymple's
The Age of Kali (1998). An organisation called Guild of Service was formed to assist these deprived women and children.
According to a survey report prepared by the government, several homes run by the government and different NGOs for widows.
Culinary tradition
Vrindavan and
Mathura, the twin cities which are associated with Krishna are main centers of
Braj Cuisine.
Vrindavan
Peda, Vrindavan Dahi Arbi jhor, Vrindavan khichdi,
Bedmi puri, Dubki Aloo jhor, Moong Dal cheela, Heeng
Kachori are some of the famous cuisines popular in this religious city.
Transportation
Road
Vrindavan is well connected by roads and is connected to
Delhi by National Highway (NH) 44 of the Golden Quadrilateral network. Earlier it was NH 2.
129 km from New Delhi
117 km from Gurgaon
54 km from Agra
9 km from Mathura
While in Vrindavan, battery-powered e-rickshaw are available for commuting within city limits.
Rail
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BDB/Vrindavan is on the Mathura-Vrindavan MG link.
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VRBD/Vrindavan Road is on the Agra-Delhi chord.
Flight
The nearest Airports are
Agra Airport which is 71.3 km away and New Delhi International Airport is 150 km away.
Noida International Airport in Jewar is expected to open in May 2025.
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