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Vrindavan (; ), also spelt Vrindaban and Brindaban, is a historical city in the of , . It is located in the region and holds religious importance for Hindus who believe that , one of the main Gods in , spent most of his childhood in this city.

(2025). 9780190123987, Oxford University Press.
Vrindavan has about 5,500 temples dedicated to the worship of Krishna and his chief consort, . It is one of the most places for traditions.

Vrindavan forms a part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" under development by the Indian Ministry of Tourism. The circuit also includes , , , , , and .

(2025). 9781884446054, Oxford University Press.


Etymology
The ancient name of the city, वृन्दावन (), comes from its groves of vṛndā (holy basil) and vana (grove, forest).


History
Vrindavan has an ancient past, associated with Hindu culture and history, and was established in the 16th and 17th centuries as a result of an explicit treaty between Muslims and Hindu Emperors, and is an important Hindu pilgrimage site since long.

In contemporary times, Charya (an Indian saint from 15th century), aged eleven visited Vrindavan. Later on, he performed three pilgrimages of , barefoot giving discourses on at 84 places. These 84 places are known as Pushtimarg Baithak and since then have the places of pilgrimage. Yet, he stayed in Vrindavan for four months each year. Vrindavan thus heavily influenced his formation of . The essence of Vrindavan was lost over time until the 16th century when it was rediscovered by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. In the year 1515, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu visited Vrindavan, with the purpose of locating the lost holy places associated with Krishna's life.

In the last 250 years, the extensive forests of Vrindavan have been subjected to urbanisation, first by local Rajas and in recent decades by apartment developers. The forest cover has been whittled away to only a few remaining spots, and the local wildlife, including , , and a variety of bird species has been virtually eliminated.


Prem Mahavidyalaya
In 1909, Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh established India’s first polytechnic college, Prem Mahavidyalaya in Vrindavan, with the dual vision of promoting education and nurturing nationalist thought. During the inauguration of Prem Mahavidyalaya, Madan Mohan Malviya was also present. Over time, it evolved into an intellectual centre for revolutionary ideas and a meeting place for freedom fighters and Congress leaders.

Prominent figures such as Subhas Chandra Bose, Rabindranath Tagore, , C.F. Andrews, and visited the college, leaving their remarks in its visitor book. spent a day there on 19 April 1915, recording his admiration for Singh’s dedication to the national cause. In 1914, Mahendra Pratap Singh left Prem Mahavidyalaya to seek international backing for India’s independence.


Geography
Situated on the west bank of the , about 15 kilometres north of and 125 km from , Vrindavan has an average elevation of 170 metres (557 feet). The river flows through the city.


Climate
The climate is hot (BSh), bordering a humid subtropical climate (Cwa).


Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Vrindavan had a total population of 63,005, of which 34,769 were males and 28,236 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 7,818. The total number of literates in Vrindavan was 42,917, which constituted 68.11% of the population with male literacy of 73.7% and female literacy of 61.2%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Vrindavan was 77.8%, of which the male literacy rate was 83.7% and the female literacy rate was 70.3%. The sex ratio is 812 females per 1000 males. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 6,294 and 18, respectively. Vrindavan had 11,637 households in 2011.

Vrindavan lies in the cultural region of .


Culture and cityscape

Religious heritage
Vrindavan is considered to be a sacred place for tradition of . It is believed that Krishna spent part of his childhood in this city. The other prominent areas surrounding Vrindavan are , , Nandgaon, , and . Along with Vrindavan, all these places are considered to be the center of and worship. Millions of devotees of visit Vrindavan and its nearby areas every year to participate in a number of festivals.
(2025). 9780791470817, State University of New York Press; 3 edition.
Vrinda means Tulsi (A sacred species of flora) and van as forest, therefore Vrindavan is a holy forest of Tulsi. Vijaypal Baghel, known as GreenMan is promoting, planting, and farming Tulsi in mass around the Vrindavan.
The common salutation or greetings used in by its residents is which is associated with the Goddess Radha
(1990). 9780520309753, University of California Press.
or Hare Krishna which is associated with Krishna. Devotees of Krishna believe that he visits the town each night to adore Radha.


Temples
Vrindavan, the land of has about 5500 temples dedicated to them to showcase their divine pastimes. Seven main temples of Vrindavan , Vrindavantoday.org Some of the important pilgrimage sites are
(1992). 9788170172802, Abhinav Publications. .
-
  • Shri Radha Madan Mohan Temple, located near the Kalidah Ghat was built by Kapur Ram Das of . One of the oldest temples in Vrindavan, it is closely associated with Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The original deity of Madan Gopal was shifted from the shrine to in Rajasthan for safekeeping during 's rule. Today, a replica of the original (deity) is worshipped at the temple
  • Sri Radha Raman Mandir, constructed at the request of Gopala Bhatta Goswami and houses a deity of Krishna as , alongside .
  • Banke Bihari Temple, built in 1862 after the image of Banke-Bihari was discovered in Nidhivan by .
  • Radha Vallabh Temple is one of the ancient temple of Vrindavan. It was constructed in 1585 AD and was the first temple made up of red sandstones.
    (2014). 9781400859894, Princeton University Press.
  • Radha Damodar Temple is a Gaudiya Vaishnavism temple, which is dedicated to Radha Krishna and was constructed in 1542 CE.
  • Sri Krishna-Balarama Temple was built by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in Raman-Reti. The principal deities of this temple are Krishna and Balaram, with Radha– and - alongside. Adjoining the temple is the samadhi of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of ISKCON, was built in pure white marble.
  • Prem Mandir, one of the ten largest Hindu temples in the world, is a spiritual complex situated on a 54-acre site on the outskirts of Vrindavan dedicated to divine love. The temple structure was established by spiritual guru . The main structure built in marble and figures of Krishna cover the main temple.
  • Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir is housed in a modern geodesic structure with a traditional gopuram based on style of architecture. It is being built by one of the factions based in . At cost of it will be the tallest temple in world on completion.
  • Shri Rambag Mandir, Vrindavan Shri Rambag Mandir is a Ramanandi Sampradaya temple, which is the first and oldest Shri Ram Mandir. Made up of white sandstones and dedicated to Shri Ram Darbara, the temple was constructed in 1930.


City of Widows
Vrindavan is also known as the "city of widows" due to the large number of who move into the town and surrounding area after losing their husbands. There are an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 widows. Many live in extreme poverty and spend time singing hymns at , as documented in historian William Dalrymple's The Age of Kali (1998). An organisation called Guild of Service was formed to assist these deprived women and children. According to a survey report prepared by the government, several homes run by the government and different NGOs for widows.


Culinary tradition
Vrindavan and , the twin cities which are associated with Krishna are main centers of . Vrindavan , Vrindavan Dahi Arbi jhor, Vrindavan khichdi, Bedmi puri, Dubki Aloo jhor, Moong Dal cheela, Heeng are some of the famous cuisines popular in this religious city.


Transportation

Road
Vrindavan is well connected by roads and is connected to by National Highway (NH) 44 of the Golden Quadrilateral network. Earlier it was NH 2.

129 km from

117 km from

54 km from

9 km from

While in Vrindavan, battery-powered e-rickshaw are available for commuting within city limits.


Rail
  • BDB/Vrindavan is on the Mathura-Vrindavan MG link.
  • VRBD/Vrindavan Road is on the Agra-Delhi chord.


Flight
The nearest Airports are which is 71.3 km away and New Delhi International Airport is 150 km away.

Noida International Airport in is expected to open in May 2025.

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