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Yeshivas Etz Ḥayyim (), commonly called the Volozhin Yeshiva (), was a prestigious Litvaks yeshiva located in the town of Volozhin in the Russian Empire (now Valozhyn, Belarus). It was founded around 1803 by Chayim Volozhiner, a student of the famed Vilna Gaon, and trained several generations of scholars, rabbis, and leaders. It is considered the first modern yeshiva, and served as a model for later Misnagdim educational institutions.
The institution reached its zenith under the leadership of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, who became rosh yeshiva in 1854. In 1892, demands of the Russian authorities to increase secular studies forced the yeshiva to close. It re-opened on a smaller scale in 1899 and functioned until the outbreak of World War II in 1939. During the War German soldiers used the building as a stable, and it was subsequently converted into a canteen and deli. The site was returned to the Jewish community of Belarus in 1989. It is considered a cultural and architectural landmark, and in 1998, the Volozhin Yeshiva was registered on the State List of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Belarus.
Fried died soon after, in 1854, whereupon Berlin became the new head along with Yosef Dov Soloveitchik Beis Halevi, Chayim Volozhiner's great-grandson, who was the assistant rosh yeshiva. In 1865, Soloveichik left to become a rabbi in Slutsk. The Volozhin yeshiva closed in 1892, because of the Russian Empire's demand for a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent teaching certain secular studies.
According to some, the pressure from the Russian government was due to the Maskilim accusing the yeshiva of being subversive.
The biography of Chayim Soloveitchik states that secular studies were taught briefly but were barely attended. However, these were concessions legally mandated that the roshe yeshivas felt were necessary rather than shutting down the yeshiva. When the government imposed extreme guidelines, Berlin refused to comply and allowed the government to close the yeshiva. "All teachers of all subjects must have college diplomas... no Judaic subjects may be taught between 9 AM and 3 PM ... no night classes are allowed ... total hours of study per day may not exceed ten."
Historian Shaul Stampfer and others maintain that the root of the problem was Berlin's attempt to install his son as rosh yeshiva in the face of opposition. Russian government documents that have recently come to light indicate that this was a consideration in the yeshiva's closure.
Refael Shapiro, the son-in-law of Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, reopened the yeshiva in 1899, albeit on a smaller scale. It remained open until World War II, and was re-established on a small scale in Mandatory Palestine, later Israel after the war. From 1886 through 1991, alumni of this yeshiva and their descendants ran a synagogue on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City that carried the name of this yeshiva.
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