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Vidzeme (; Old Latvian orthography: Widda-semme, Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz: Vidzeme) is one of the Historical Latvian Lands. The capital of Latvia, Riga, is situated in the southwestern part of the region. Literally meaning "the Middle Land", Vidzeme is situated in north-central Latvia north of the Daugava River. Sometimes in German language, it was also known as Livland, the German form from Latin Livonia, though it comprises only a small part of Medieval Livonia and about half (the Latvian part) of Swedish Livonia. Most of the region's inhabitants are Latvians (85%), thus Vidzeme is the most ethnically Latvian region in the country.
The historic Governorate of Livonia is also larger than Vidzeme, since it corresponds roughly to Swedish Livonia.
After the Livonian War, part of the Livonian Confederation on the right bank of the Daugava river and the Patrimony of Riga was ceded to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Duchy of Livonia (the left bank forming the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia).
Afterwards, the region was invaded by Sweden in 1600, 1617 and 1621. After the Polish-Swedish War concluded by the Truce of Altmark in 1629, Sweden acquired the western part of the Duchy of Livonia roughly as far as the Aiviekste River, since then forming Vidzeme's eastern border.
During the course of the Great Northern War, Swedish Livonia was conquered by the Russian Empire and ceded to Russia at the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. In place of Livonia the Russians created the Riga Governorate, but in 1796 the Riga Governorate was renamed the Governorate of Livonia, administered autonomously by the local German Baltic nobility through a feudal Landtag. After the end of World War I it was split between the newly independent countries of Latvia and Estonia. In 1920, the region's earliest airport, Vecbebri Airfield was established near Bebri Parish as a civil airport, hosting aviation festivals. The establishment of Gulbene Airfield near Gulbene soon followed, opened in 1924 for the Latvian Air Force. During World War II, the region was occupied by the Soviet Union from 1940, and then by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944.
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Vidzeme became part of independent Latvia once more and it remains so to this day. Although Vidzeme is not an administrative entity today, the Vidzeme Planning Region, with an area of and a population of 273,835 in 2024, includes much of the traditional region. The remainder of Vidzeme is part of the Riga Planning Region.
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