Veria (;
Even by the standards of Greece, Veria is an old city; first mentioned in the writings of Thucydides in 432 BC, there is evidence that it was populated as early as 1000 BC.[veria.gr Veria:Its history (greek) accessed June 1, 2008.] Veria was an important possession for Philip II of Macedon (father of Alexander the Great) and later for the Roman Empire. Apostle Paul famously preached in the city, and its inhabitants were among the first Christians in the Empire. Later, under the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire empires, Veria was a center of Greek culture and learning. Today Veria is a commercial center of Central Macedonia, the capital of the regional unit of Imathia and the seat of a Church of Greece Metropolitan bishop in the Ecumenical Patriarchate, as well as a Latin Catholic titular see.
The extensive archaeological site of Vergina (ancient Aegae, the first capital of Macedon), a UNESCO World Heritage Site containing the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, lies south-east of the city center of Veria.
History
Classical and Roman Veria
The city is reputed to have been named by its
creator Beres (also spelled Pheres) or from the daughter of the king of Berroia who was thought to be the son of
Macedon. Veria enjoyed great prosperity under the kings of the
Argead Dynasty (whose most famous member was Alexander the Great) who made it their second most important city after
Pella; the city reached the height of its glory and influence in the Hellenistic period, during the reign of the Antigonid Dynasty. During this time, Veria became the seat of the Koinon of Macedonians (Κοινόν Μακεδόνων), minted its own
and held sports games named
Alexandreia, in honor of Alexander the Great, with
from all over
Greece competing in them.
[Λούκιος ή Όνος 34.15–17]
Veria surrendered to Roman Republic in 168 BC. During the Roman Empire, Veria became a place of worship for the Romans. Diocletian made the large and populous city one of two capitals of the Roman province of Macedonia, eponymous in the civil Diocese of Macedonia. Within the city there was a Jewish settlement where the Apostle Paul,[(greek) hellasportal.gr, Apostle Paul preach in Veria, accessed June 1, 2008.] after leaving Thessalonica, and his companion Silas preached to the Jewish and Greek communities of the city in AD 50/51 or 54/55. The Bible records:
Recent Discoveries
In December 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of an unfinished Roman-era statue of a young athletic man at Agios Patapios. The headless
marble statue is about three feet tall. According to the Greece's Culture Ministry, the sculpture has similarities to statues of the Greek gods
Apollo and
Hermes.
Byzantine Veria
Under the
Byzantine Empire Berrhoea continued to grow and prosper, developing a large and well-educated commercial class (Greek and Jewish) and becoming a center of medieval Greek learning; signs of this prosperity are reflected in the many Byzantine churches that were built at this time, during which it was a
Christianity bishopric (see below).
In the 7th century, the Slavic people tribe of the Drougoubitai raided the lowlands below the city, while in the late 8th century Empress Irene of Athens is said to have rebuilt and expanded the city and named it Irenopolis (Ειρηνούπολις) after herself, although some sources place this Berrhoea-Irenopolis further east, towards Thrace.
The city was apparently held by the Bulgarian Empire at some point in the late 9th century. The 11th-century Greek bishop Theophylact of Ohrid wrote that during the brief period of Bulgarian dominance, Tsar Boris I built there one of the seven cathedral churches built by him and refers to it as "one of the beautiful Bulgarian churches".[Migne, Jacques Paul. Patrologia Graeca, t. 126, col. 529.] In the Escorial Taktikon of , the city is mentioned as the seat of a strategos, and it apparently was the capital of a theme in the 11th century.
After the Fourth Crusade (1204), it briefly became part of Boniface of Montferrat's Kingdom of Thessalonica, and a Latin bishop took up residence in the city.
The 14th century was tumultuous: the area was pillaged by Karasid Turks in 1331,
According to a tradition preserved by Yazıcıoğlu Ali, the two younger sons of the Seljuk Empire sultan Kaykaus II were settled by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in Veria, and made its governors. One of their descendants converted to Christianity, and one of his progeny, a certain Lyzikos, in turn surrendered the city to the Ottoman Sultan (perhaps Bayezid I). After the Ottoman conquest he and his relatives were settled at Zichna. This story explains the presence of Gagauz people in Veria and its environs.
Ottoman Veria
The Ottomans called Veria
Karaferye ("black Veria"), because of its characteristic morning mist during the humid winter seasons.
[ History of Veria Municipality of Veria] In 1519 (
Hijri year 925) the town had 231 Muslim and 578 Christian households.
Under Ottoman rule, Veria was the seat of a
kaza within the Sanjak of Salonica; by 1885, the kaza, along with Naoussa, included 46 villages and
chiflik.
The 17th-century traveller Evliya Çelebi reports that the city was peaceful, without walls or garrison; it had 4000 houses, 16 Muslim quarters, 15 Christian quarters, and 2 Jewish congregations. The city was a prosperous center of rice production.
According to the 1881/82-1893 Ottoman General Census, the kaza of Veria (Karaferiye) had a total population of 25,034, consisting of 15,103 Greeks, 7,325 Muslims, 2,174 Bulgarians, 393 Jews, and 39 foreign citizens.[Kemal Karpat (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830–1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics, The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 134-135] Veria was an important regional center of Greek commerce and learning, and counted many important Greek scholars as its natives (e.g. Ioannis Kottounios)
Modern Veria
The presence of a large, prosperous and educated
bourgeoisie made Veria one of the centers of Greek nationalism in the region of Macedonia, and the city's inhabitants had an active part in the Greek War of Independence; important military leaders during the uprising included Athanasios Syropoulos, Georgios Syropoulos, Dimitrios Kolemis and Georgios Kolemis, among others;
[ Ανέκδοτα έγγραφα και άγνωστα στοιχεία για κλεφταρματολούς και για την επανάσταση (1821–1822) στη Μακεδονία και ιδιαίτερα στον Όλυμπο, Γεώργιος Χ. Χιονίδης, Βέροια 1979] however, as was the case with the rest of Northern Greece, eventually the uprising was defeated, and Veria only became part of modern Greece in 1912 during the
Balkan Wars, when it was taken by the
Hellenic Army on October 16, 1912 (October 16 is an official holiday in Veria, commemorating the city's incorporation to Greece), and was officially annexed to Greece following the signing of the Treaty of Athens in November 1913.
World War II
During World War II, Veria was under Nazi occupation between 1941 and 1944. An important resistance movement developed in the city, with the left-wing EAM gaining the sympathy of the inhabitants; the people of Veria took part in resistance activities, such as sabotaging the railway, assassinating SS members, and burning Nazi war material. The town asked Prokopis Kambitoglou to become the Mayor of Veria during the occupation. His role in attempting to mitigate the oppression of the Germans was rewarded after the war by the award of the Order of the Phoenix in recognition of his efforts.
During the Occupation almost all of the Jewish community of the city was deported and exterminated by the Nazis.
Postwar
Postwar Veria saw a significant rise in population, and a greatly improved standard of living. The 1980s and 1990s in particular were a period of prosperity, with the agricultural businesses and cooperatives in the fertile plains around Veria successfully exporting their products in Europe, the US and Asia. The discovery of the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in the nearby archaeological site of
Vergina (ancient Aegae, the summer capital of the
Argead Dynasty of
Macedon, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site), also made Veria a tourist destination.
Veria has a significant immigrant population, mainly from countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Ecclesiastical history
Berrhoea was a suffragan diocese of the Archbishopric of Thessalonica, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
The names of five of its appear in extant contemporary documents:
-
Gerontius took part in the Council of Sardica (),
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Lucas in the Robber Council of Ephesus (449),
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Sebastian in the Council of Chalcedon (451),
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Timothy in the synod convoked by Patriarch Menas of Constantinople in 536, and
-
Joseph in the Council of Constantinople (869) that condemned Photius.
[Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 69–74][Raymond Janin, v. 1. Berrhée in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 885–887]
The Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos promoted the local see to an archbishopric after 1261, and it advanced further to the rank of a metropolitan see by 1300.
Latin titular see
The diocese of Berrhoea was nominally restored in 1933 by the
Catholic Church as the titular bishopric of
Berrhœa (Latin) /
Berrea (Curiate Italian).
[ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ), p. 838]
It has been vacant for decades, having the following incumbents:
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Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani (Italian) (1962.04.05 – 1962.04.20)
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Pierre-Auguste–Marie–Joseph Douillard (1963.05.22 – 1963.08.20) as emeritate
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Federico Kaiser Depel, M.S.C. (1963.10.29 – death 1993.09.26)
Local government — municipality
The municipality Veria was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
The municipality has an area of 796.494 km2, the municipal unit 359.146 km2.
Geography
Geology
Veria is located at 40º31' North, 22º12' East, at the eastern foot of the
Vermio Mountains. It lies on a plateau at the western edge of the Central Macedonia plain, north of the
Aliakmon River. The town straddles the Tripotamos (river), a Haliacmon tributary that provides hydroelectric power to the national electric power transmission network and irrigation water to agricultural customers of the Veria plain.
Climate
Veria has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification
Cfa) that borders on a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification
BSk). Since the city lies in a transitional climatic zone, its climate displays characteristics of continental, semi-arid and subtropical/Mediterranean climates. Summers (from April to October) are hot (often exceptionally hot) and dry (or mildly humid, with rainfalls that occur during thunderstorms), and winters (from mid-October to March) are wet and cool, but temperatures remain above or well above freezing (meteorological phenomenon of
Alkyonides). Snow typically falls once or twice a season. Major temperature swings between day and night are seldom.
Economy
The modern town has cotton and woolen mills and trades in wheat, fruit and vegetables.
Lignite mines operate in the area.
The largest wind farm in Greece is to be constructed in the
Vermio Mountains by
Acciona It will consist of 174
, which will be connected to the national electric power transmission network, generating 614 MW.
Transport
Road
Veria is connected to the motorway system of Greece and Europe through A2 Egnatia Odos, the Greek part of the European route E90. It is also connected to more than 500 local and national destinations via the national coach network (KTEL).
Rail
Veria is linked to
Thessaloniki by the Thessaloniki-Edessa
Proastiakos, with connections to
Athens and
Alexandroupoli.
Air
Thessaloniki International Airport "Macedonia" is the closest international airport, located east-northeast of Veria.
Culture
The city has a number of Byzantine monuments, as well as post-Byzantine churches built on Byzantine foundations.
The most significant Byzantine monument is the
Anastasis Church (Church of the Resurrection) with its "spectacular frescoes" from 1315, bearing comparison with some of the finest works of
Palaiologan art in the main Byzantine centres of
Thessaloniki and
Constantinople.
Of the city's thirteen mosques, eight survive, including the Old Metropolis, which had been converted into the Hünkar Mosque, as well as the Orta Mosque,
Mendrese Mosque, and the Mahmud Çelebi Mosque. Four other mosques, the Subashi, Bayir, Yola Geldi, and Barbuta mosques, are now used as private residences. The
Twin Hamam also survives, as well as a number of Ottoman public buildings of the late 19th century. The city's famous
bezesten, however, burned down in the great fire of 1864.
Museums in Veria include the Archaeological Museum of Veroia, the Byzantine Museum of Veroia, the Folklore Museum of Veroia, a museum of modern Greek history and the Aromanians cultural museum.[ Λαογραφικό Μουσείο Βλάχων] There is also a 19th-century Jewish synagogue in the protected former Jewish neighbourhood in Barbuta.
The archaeological site of Aegae/Aigai (Αἰγαί; modern name Vergina), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, lies south-east of the city centre of Veria.
Every summer (August 15 to September 15) the "Imathiotika" festivities take place with a cultural program deriving mainly from Veria's tradition. The site of Elia has an extensive view of the Imathia plain. Neighboring Seli is a well-known ski resort and a few kilometers outside the city is the Aliakmonas river dam.
Education
Veria has one of the largest public libraries in Greece. Originally a small single-room library with limited funds and material, it expanded into a four-story building offering multimedia, and special and rare editions. Veria's public library collaborates with many international organizations and hosts several cultural events. In 2010, it won the
Access to Learning Award (ATLA) prize nominated by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the amount of $1.000.000. Since then, the library became a role model for other libraries in Greece.
The Department of Spatial Planning and Development Engineering of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki was located in Veria since 2004, but in 2013 it was relocated to Thessaloniki.[ Athena plan News247.gr]
Twin towns — sister cities
Veria is twinned with:
Sports
Veria is home to many sports clubs. Most prominent is the handball team of Filippos Veria, competing in the first national division and which has won many championships (both national and international) over the last 40 years. The most famous is
Veria FC which competes in Superleague Greece (Greece's 1st division). Veria also has two basketball teams, AOK Veria and Filippos Veria, which compete in the local and third national division respectively.
|
|
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| Presence in A Ethniki (First division) |
| Panhellenic titles in Greek Handball, one of the most successful Handball teams in Greece |
| Panhellenic titles in Greek Handball |
| Earlier presence in Beta Ethniki |
| Earlier presence in A2 Ethniki women |
Notable locals
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Sopater, kinsman of Saint Paul
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Demetrius Vikelas, Greek writer; the first president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
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Konstantinos Raktivan, liberal politician, lawyer, Greek Council of State's first president, member of the Academy of Athens, speaker of the Hellenic Parliament
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Ioannes Kottounios, Renaissance humanist and philosopher
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Kallinikos Manios, scholar
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Konstantinos Kallokratos, teacher and poet
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Patriarch Metrophanes of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
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Patriarch Nephon I of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch (Constantinople)
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Sonia Theodoridou, Greek soprano
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Efthymios Varlamis, Greek architect, sculptor and painter
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Sedat Alp, Turkish archaeologist
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Michalis Chrysochoidis, Greek politician
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Yorgos Karamihos, Greek actor
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Mimis Papaioannou, Greek football player
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Kostas Tsartsaris, Greek professional basketball player
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Yiannis Arabatzis, footballer
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Pantelis Kafes, footballer
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Panagiotis Tsalouchidis, former football player
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Pavlos Kontogiannidis, actor, singer
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Dimitris Mavropoulos, actor and theatrical director
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Toli Hagigogu, pro-Romanian activist of the Macedonian struggle, publicist against the Hellenization of Aromanians (Vlachs) in Macedonia
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George Murnu, Romanian university professor, archaeologist, historian, translator, and poet
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Elie Carafoli, Romanian engineer and aircraft designer
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Ion Caranica, Romanian, activist of Iron Guard death squads
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Sterie Ciumetti, Romanian, activist of Iron Guard
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Kyriakos Amiridis, Greek diplomat
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Konstadinos Stefanopoulos, Olympic race walker
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Sofia Ifantidou, Olympic record holder in heptathlon javelin throw
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Maria Ntanou, Olympic cross country skier
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Alexandros Papatzikos, footballer
Gallery
File:Veria BW 2017-10-06 09-39-17.jpg| Altar of Saint Paul
File:Veria BW 2017-10-06 09-36-48.jpg|Statue of St Paul
File:Ναός Ανάστασης του Σωτήρος Χριστού Βέροιας 01.jpg|The Byzantine Church of the Resurrection
File:Christ Church in Veria Dormition Fresco by Georgios Kalliergis, 1315.jpg|Dormition fresco (1315) by Georgios Kalliergis in the Church of the Resurrection
File:Jewish neighbourhood Veria.jpg|View of Barabuta, Jewish quarter
File:Sts Quriaqos and Julietta Church in Veria.jpg|Sts Kiriqos and Ioulitta Byzantine church (14th)
File:Christ Church in Veria Resurrection Fresco on the Southern Wall by Georgios Kalliergis, 1315.gif|Christ fresco by Georgios Kalliergis (1315) in the Church of the Resurrection
File:Old Metropoly in Veria Fresco 7.jpg|Fresco in the Old Metropolis (14th)
File:St. Antonios Neo, Ber.jpg|Saint Antonios church (19th)
File:Veria asteras.jpg|Veria Stadium
File:Macedonia Greek Costume Verroia.JPG|Traditional dress
File:Veria Sunset.JPG|Aerial view of the city during dusk
See also
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List of settlements in Imathia
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List of Catholic dioceses in Greece
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Bereans, various Protestant sects named after the city
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Murder of Alex Meschisvili
Sources
Ecclesiastical history
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Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collection, passim
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Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 429
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Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 69–74
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Raymond Janin, lemma '1. Berrhée' in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques'', vol. VIII, 1935, coll. 885–887
Synagogue and Jewish history
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Μεσσίνας, Ηλίας. (2022). H Συναγωγή. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Ινφογνώμων.
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Messinas, Elias. (2022). The Synagogue of Veroia | Η Συναγωγή της Βέροιας. Seattle: KDP.
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Messinas, Elias. (2022). The Synagogues of Greece: A Study of Synagogues in Macedonia and Thrace: With Architectural Drawings of all Synagogues of Greece. Seattle: KDP.
Εxternal links
