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Valenciennes (, also , , ; ; or Valinciennes; ) is a commune in the Nord department, , France. INSEE commune file

It lies on the () river. Although the city and region experienced a steady population decline between 1975 and 1990, it has since rebounded.

History
Early history
In 923, it passed to the Duchy of Lower dependent on the Holy Roman Empire. Once the Empire of the Franks was established, the city began to develop, though the archaeological record has still not revealed all it has to reveal about this period.

In 1259, Valenciennes was the site of a General Chapter of the at which together with masters Bonushomo Britto, Florentius,Probably Florentius de Hidinio, aka Florentius Gallicus, Histoire littéraire de la France: XIIIe siècle, Volume 19, p. 104, Accessed October 27, 2012 Albert, and Peter took part in establishing a ratio studiorum or program of studies for the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 10, p. 701. Accessed 9 June 2011 that featured the study of philosophy as an innovation for those not sufficiently trained to study theology. This innovation initiated the tradition of Dominican scholastic philosophy put into practice, for example, in 1265 at the Order's studium provinciale at the convent of in Rome, out of which would develop the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. "The Place of Study In the Ideal of St. Dominic" , J. A. Weisheipl, O.P. (1923–1984), 1960. Accessed 19 March 2013

1500–1793
In 1524, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, arrived at Valenciennes, and – even when Henry II of France allied with him against the Protestants in 1552 – Valenciennes became () an early center of and in 1562 was location of the first act of resistance against persecution of Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands. On the "Journée des Mals Brûlés" (Bad Burnings Day) in 1562, a mob freed some condemned to die at the stake. In the wave of attacks called the that swept the Habsburg Netherlands in the summer of 1566, the city was the furthest south to see such an attack on August 24, 1566. It was also one of the first to feel the hand of repression after the siege and fall of the city on March 23, 1567. One of the victims of that repression was Guido de Bres, the author of the Belgic Confession. Following the "révolte des gueux's victory at Brielle, the army of Louis of Nassau, one of the major commanders of the Dutch rebel forces and supported by the leader Gaspard de Coligny, invaded the Spanish Netherlands with an army composed of , , and soldiers, and took Valenciennes on 21 May 1572. The Eighty Years War (1568-1648)Tracy p.82 However, Louis went on to Mons, and the Protestant garrison left behind offered only a feeble defence to the Duke of Alba, at the head of the bulk of the Spanish army, who recaptured Valenciennes in early June 1572, depriving Louis's French allies of one of their main bases. Duffy. Siege Warfare: Fortress in the Early Modern World

The French army laid siege to the city in 1656 ( participated in this siege without a commandMartin Barros, Nicole Salat et Thierry Sarmant. Vauban – L’intelligence du territoire. Éditions Nicolas Chaudun et Service historique de l'armée, Paris, 2006. Préface de Jean Nouvel. 175 p, , p 166). Defending the city, Albert de Merode, marquis de Trélon was injured during a sortie on horseback, died as a result of his injuries and was buried in the Church of St. Paul (his tomb was found during the archaeological campaign in 1990).

In 1677, the armies of Louis XIV of France (this time led by VaubanBarros et alii, p. 167.) captured the city and in 1678 the Treaty of Nijmegen gave the French control of Valenciennes (1678) and the surrounding southern part of Hainault, roughly cutting the former in half.

1793–1914
The city was besieged by the against Revolutionary France in 1793.A painting of the siege was commissioned in 1793-4 from Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg by the publishers V. and R. Green and Christian von Mechel, who later commissioned a companion piece for it, Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June. The two paintings were sold to Mr T. Vernon of Liverpool in 1799 and the 'Valenciennes' finished up in 's collection at Easton Neston. F

First World War
During World War I the German army occupied the town in 1914. They were finally driven out by British forces at the Battle of Valenciennes in 1918, 'in which seven British divisions attacked eleven German divisions'. One dramatic first-hand experience of this battle is provided by A. S. Bullock who fought at a section of the front near .Bullock, A. S., Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir, The History Press, 2009, pages 84–85

1945 to present
The town's first antenna was set up in Lille in 1964, then the Centre universitaire was set up in 1970, becoming independent in 1979 as the University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambrésis.

In 2005, a local resident, , became the first person to have a partial .

Geography
Climate
Valenciennes has an (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Valenciennes is . The average annual rainfall is with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Valenciennes was on 25 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 7 January 2009.

Population
Main sights
The ran through Valenciennes during World War I, leading to extensive destruction. Valenciennes was again almost completely destroyed during World War II, and has since been rebuilt in concrete.

A few surviving monuments are: 1) The façade of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall), which managed to survive the bombardments of the war; 2) the Basilica of Notre-Dame du Saint-Cordon, to which there is an annual pilgrimage; 3) La Maison Espagnole, the remains of the Spanish occupation, which ended in 1678. The building is now used as the town's tourist information office; 4) The Dodenne Tower, the remaining part of the medieval fortifications after Charles V ordered them reduced; 5) Théâtre le Phenix, a theatre and performing arts venue constructed in 1998; 6) The "", a large, pin-like monument in height, built in 2007 on the site of the former belfry.

Economy
Valenciennes is historically renowned for its lace. Until the 1970s, the main industries were and . Since their decline, reconversion attempts focus mainly on production. In 2001, built its Western European for the in near Valenciennes. Because of this and other changes, the average unemployment in the region is now below the national average.

On 15 July 2004, the Administrative Board of the 's Railway Agency held its first meeting in Phénix, with representatives of the 25 Member States and François Lamoureux, those days Director General for Energy and Transportation at the European Commission. Valenciennes was picked as the European Railway Agency headquarters in December 2003. International conferences are held in .

Public transport
Line No. 1 of the Tramway de Valenciennes was put into service on 3 July 2006. long, this tramway crosses the five communes in the Valenciennois Metropolitan area, at a cost of 242.75 million .

Valenciennes railway station offers connections with Lille, Paris and several regional destinations.

Administration
Valenciennes is a of the Nord département.

Mayors since 1947
  • 1947–1988: Pierre Carous, resigned (died in 1990)
  • 1988–1989: Olivier Marlière
  • 1989–2002: Jean-Louis Borloo, resigned when he entered the national government
  • 2002–2012: Dominique Riquet
  • 2012–present: Laurent Degallaix

Notable people
  • Arnulf of Valenciennes, lord of the fort of Valenciennes
  • (1810–1890), sculptor
  • (1881–1974), French-Canadian violist and music educator
  • Baldwin I, Latin Emperor (1172–c.1205), first Emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople
  • (born 1978), French and Swiss composer
  • (1767–1841), inventor of several forms of
  • Émile Basly (1854–1928), trade unionist
  • André Beauneveu (c.1335–c.1400), sculptor and painter
  • Jean-Baptiste Bélanger (1790–1874), mathematician
  • Yassin Ben Balla (born 1996), footballer
  • (1691–1771), cellist and composer
  • (born 1974), writer
  • Jean-Louis Borloo (born 1951), politician
  • Alfred-Alphonse Bottiau (1889–1951), sculptor
  • Eugène Bozza, (1905–1991), composer and violinist
  • (1526–1590), painter
  • Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827–1875), sculptor, painter and tutor
  • (1904–1953), philosopher, painter and poet
  • William Chambers (1809–1882), Welsh politician
  • Bruno Chérier (1817–1880), decorative painter
  • Bernard Chiarelli (born 1934), footballer
  • (1824–1917), historical painter, soldier and art tutor, particularly associated with the city of Valenciennes
  • Eugène Chigot (1860–1923), post impressionist painter and official painter for the
  • (1827–1905), sculptor and painter
  • Louise d'Épinay (1726–1783), writer
  • Jean d'Oisy (1310–1377), architect
  • Philippe d'Outreman (1585–1652), Jesuit writer
  • Gérald Darmanin (born 1982), politician
  • Felipe-Emmanuel de Bette (1677–1742), soldier and noble from the Spanish Netherlands
  • Philippe III de Croÿ (1526–1595), Stadtholder of Flanders
  • Charles de Gaulle (1837–1880), poet
  • Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing (1557–1590), noble and army commander
  • Charles de Lannoy (c.1487–1527), soldier and statesman
  • Giovanni de Macque (1548/1550–1614), composer
  • Abel de Pujol (1785–1861), painter
  • Jennifer de Temmerman (born 1977), politician
  • Herman de Valenciennes, 12th-century poet
  • Marc Antoine René de Voyer (1722–1787), diplomat and politician
  • (born 1959), Belgian composer and pianist
  • Laurent Degallaix (born 1965), politician
  • Grégoire Delacourt (born 1960), advertiser and writer
  • (born 1994), model
  • Bruno Deletré (born 1961), banker
  • (1844–1900), cellist
  • Léon Delsarte {1893–1963), gymnast
  • (born 1978), footballer
  • Béatrice Descamps (born 1951), politician
  • Hyacinthe François Joseph Despinoy (1764–1848), general
  • Félix-Alexandre Desruelles (1865–1943), sculptor
  • Collingwood Dickson (1817–1904), British Army officer
  • (1795–1864), journalist
  • (1967–2016), first person to undergo a partial face transplant
  • (1812–1896), classical flautist
  • Pierre Dubois (born 1945), author
  • Michel Duchaussoy (1938–2012), film actor
  • Julie Dufour (born 2001), footballer
  • Léon Dumont (1837–1877), psychologist and philosopher
  • (born 1993), footballer
  • Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel (1774–1846), soldier and entomologist
  • François-Joseph Duret (1729–1816), sculptor
  • Christophe Dussart (born 1976), footballer
  • (1889–1963), gymnast
  • (born 1953), middle distance runner
  • Charles-Dominique-Joseph Eisen (1720–1778), painter and engraver
  • François Eisen, painter and engraver
  • (born 1993), ice hockey player
  • Léon Fagel (1851–1913), sculptor
  • (born 1978), road cyclist
  • Henry of Flanders (c.1178–1216), Latin emperor of Constantinople
  • (1337–1405), historian and poet
  • (1908–1997), trade union leader and politician
  • Bernard Gérard (born 1953), politician
  • (born 1939), cyclist
  • Alfred Mathieu Giard (1846–1908), zoologist
  • Valérie Gomez-Bassac (born 1969), politician
  • (1928–2001), jazz musician
  • René Guilleré (1878–1931), lawyer
  • Isabella of Hainault (1170–1190), Queen of France as the first wife of King Philip II
  • Philippa of Hainault (1310/1315–1369), Queen of England
  • Marie of Hainaut (1280–1354), daughter of John II, Count of Holland and Philippa of Luxembourg
  • (1819–1916), painter and watercolourist
  • John Hay Drummond Hay (1816–1893), United Kingdom's Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Morocco
  • Henry VII (c. 1273–1313), Holy Roman Emperor
  • Ernest-Eugène Hiolle (1834–1886), sculptor
  • (1889–1957), historian and politician
  • Jérémie Janot (born 1977), footballer
  • Jean-Baptiste Janson (1742–1803), cellist and composer
  • , author, educator, advocate for bilingual education
  • Éric Joly (born 1972), footballer
  • Catherine Kamowski (born 1958), politician
  • (born 1981), footballer
  • Edmond Marin la Meslée (1912–1945), fighter pilot in World War II
  • (born 1995), kickboxer
  • Charles Joseph Lambert (1804–1864), explorer and engineer
  • (born 1954), business academic
  • (1834–1912), painter
  • Claude Le Jeune (1528 to 1530–1600), Franco-Flemish composer
  • Olivier Le May (1734–1797), painter and engraver
  • Jean-René Lecerf (born 1951), politician
  • (1907–1972), writer
  • (1919–2004), film actor
  • (born 1994), footballer
  • Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire (1798–1880), sculptor
  • Rosalie Levasseur (1749–1826), soprano
  • Pierre Joseph Michel Lorquin (1797–1873), entomologist
  • (born 1963), judoka
  • Hélène Mannarino (born 1990), journalist, television, and radio presenter
  • (born 1998), footballer
  • (born 1980), footballer
  • (1839–1921), artist
  • Éric Mouquet (born 1960), musician
  • (born 2000), kickboxer
  • (1804–1885), British Army general
  • (1944–2022), land sailor and writer
  • Frédéric Nihous (born 1967), politician
  • Cécile Nowak (born 1967), judoka
  • Charles Nungesser (1892–1927), ace pilot and adventurer
  • (1819–1895), architect
  • François Paris (born 1961), composer
  • T. J. Parker (born 1984), basketballer
  • Jean-Baptiste Pater (1695–1736), painter
  • Vendémiaire Pavot (1883–1929), sculptor
  • (1876–1952), composer
  • Sylvie Pétiaux (1836–1919), feminist and pacifist
  • (1869–1913), soprano
  • (1938–1944), member of the French Resistance
  • , writer
  • Jacob Farrand Pringle (1816–1901), Canadian judge, soldier, and politician
  • Joris Jansen Rapelje (1604–1662/63), member of the Council of Twelve Men
  • André Renard (1911–1962), Belgian trade union leader
  • Léon Renard (1836–1916), politician
  • Véronique Renties (born 1960), middle distance runner
  • (born 1934), actor, film director and screenwriter
  • Léon Richet (1843–1907), landscape painter
  • (born 1946), surgeon and politician
  • Auguste Désiré Saint-Quentin (1838–1906), painter
  • (1717–1776), sculptor
  • Rémi Sénéca (born 1995), rugby union player
  • , English
  • (born 1978), field hockey coach
  • (1932–2007), cyclist
  • Clément Tainmont (born 1986), footballer
  • Fabien Thiémé (1952–2019), politician
  • Théophile Tilmant (1799–1878), violinist
  • Renier of Trit, knight from Trith-Saint-Léger, Hainaut
  • Jean Baptiste Vanmour (1671–1737), Flemish-French painter
  • (born 1999), ice dancer
  • Henri-Alexandre Wallon (1812–1904), historian and statesman
  • (born 2006), actress
  • Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684–1721), painter
  • Louis Joseph Watteau (1731–1798), painter
  • (1924–1944), volunteer soldier in the French liberation force
  • (born 1963), racing cyclist
• Marguerite Porete (born 1258-1310), author of The Mirror of the Simple Souls. Considered heretical her book was burned in the Place d’Armes in Valenciennes in 1306.

Sport
is based in the city.

Twin towns – sister cities
Valenciennes is with:

See also
  • Vendémiaire Pavot Sculptor of La Faunesse in Valenciennes

External links

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