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Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning, a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and urban sociology, an academic field which studies urban life.
Many , Urban planner, Urban geography, and Sociology investigate the way people live in densely populated . There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to the study of urbanism. However, in some contexts internationally, urbanism is synonymous with urban planning, and urbanist refers to an urban planner.
The term urbanism originated in the late nineteenth century with the Spanish civil engineer Ildefons Cerda, whose intent was to create an autonomous activity focused on the spatial organization of the city. Urbanism's emergence in the early 20th century was associated with the rise of centralized manufacturing, mixed-use neighborhoods, social organizations and networks, and what has been described as "the convergence between political, social and economic citizenship".Blokland-Potters, Talja, and Savage, Mike (2008). Networked Urbanism: Social Capital in the City. Ashgate Publishing.
Urbanism can be understood as placemaking and the creation of place identity at a citywide level, however as early as 1938 Louis Wirth wrote that it is necessary to stop 'identifying urbanism with the physical entity of the city', go 'beyond an arbitrary City limits' and consider how 'technological developments in and communication have enormously extended the urban mode of living beyond the confines of the city itself.'
Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin argue that we are witnessing a post-urban environment where decentralized, loosely connected Neighbourhood and zones of activity assume the former organizing role played by urban spaces. Their theory of splintering urbanism involves the "fragmentation of the social and material fabric of cities" into "cellular clusters of Globalization high-service enclaves and network " driven by electronic networks that segregate as much as they connect. Dominique Lorrain argues that the process of splintering urbanism began towards the end of the 20th century with the emergence of the gigacity, a new form of a networked city characterised by three-dimensional size, network density and the blurring of city boundaries.
Manuel Castells suggested that within a network society, "premium" infrastructure networks (high-speed telecommunications, Smart highway, Airline alliance) selectively connect together the most favored users and places and bypass the less favored. Graham and Marvin argue that attention to infrastructure networks is reactive to Disaster, rather than sustained and systematic, because of a failure to understand the links between urban life and urban infrastructure networks.
Paul L. Knox refers to one of many trends in contemporary urbanism as the "Aestheticism of everyday life".
Alex Krieger states that urban design is less a technical discipline than a Mindset based on a commitment to cities.
Mohammad Habib Reza — architect and urban theorist who introduced New Contextualism, an urban and architectural philosophy that grounds design in layered contexts such as cultural, ecological, historical, and social, while promoting equity, belonging, and sustainability.
Other contemporary urbanists such as Edward Soja and Liz Ogbu focus on urbanism as a field for applying principles of community building and spatial justice.
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