Twaron (a brand name of Teijin Aramid) is a Aramid, high-performance yarn.
History
This is a chronology of the development of Twaron:
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In 1960s a research program starts for "Fiber X."
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In 1972 the ENKA Research laboratory develops a para-aramid called Arenka.
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In 1973 Akzo decides to use sulfuric acid as a solvent for spinning.
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In 1974 New process route was found at Akzo Research laboratory, using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) with a co-solvent (auxiliary solvent) with an ionic component (Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) to occupy the hydrogen bonds of the amide groups in order to dissolve the aromatic polymer.
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In 1976 a pilot plant is built.
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In 1977 first production starts.
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In 1984 the product is renamed Twaron.
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In 1986 commercial production is started at five locations and nine plants.
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In 1987 Twaron is introduced as a commercial product.
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In 1989 the aramid business of Akzo becomes an independent Business Unit called Teijin Twaron.
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Since 2000 Twaron BV has been owned by the Teijin, now called Teijin Twaron BV and based in Arnhem, Netherlands. The main production facilities for Twaron are in Emmen and Delfzijl.
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In 2007 Teijin Twaron expands for the fourth time in six years
Production
Polymer preparation
Twaron is a
p-phenylene terephthalamide (P
pPTA), the simplest form of the
aramid. P
pPTA is a product of
p-phenylene diamine (PPD) and terephthaloyl dichloride (TDC). To dissolve the
aromatic polymer Twaron used a co-solvent of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and an
component (
calcium chloride CaCl
2) to occupy the
of the amide groups. The invention of this specific process was done in 1974 at AKZO Research Laboratory in Arnhem by a team consisting of Leo Vollbracht, Teun Veerman (assistant of Leo Vollbracht) and Wim Engelhard (trainee, who actually discovered NMP as the appropriate solvent to keep the growing polymer as long as possible in solution; he also discovered that high speed mixing of PPD and TDC was necessary to obtain a sufficiently long polymer chains). The patent of the newly discovered process route led to a
patent war between
Akzo Nobel (Fibre X) and
DuPont (Fibre B) as Dupont initially used the
carcinogenic HMPT (hexamethylphosphoramide). Despite heavy research DuPont now also applies the AKZO patent for their
Kevlar process and use the less hazardous NMP.
Spinning
After the production of the Twaron polymer in Delfzijl, the polymer is brought to Emmen, where fibres are produced by spinning the dissolved polymer into a
solid fibre from a
liquid chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% anhydrous (water free)
sulfuric acid. The polymer is dissolved by mixing frozen sulfuric acid in powder form with the polymer in powder form and gently heating the mixture. This process, which differs from the more difficult DuPont process, was invented by Henri Lammers and patented by
Akzo Nobel.
Use
Twaron is a para-
aramid and has automotive, construction, sports, aerospace, and military applications, e.g., in modern body armor,
fabric, and as an
asbestos substitute.
- Protective gear (heat resistant / ballistics)
- flame-resistant clothing, protective clothing and , cut-fast or heat-hardy , goods, ,
- Composites
- composite materials, paper, asbestos replacement, hot air filtration, sailcloth, loudspeaker woofers, boat hull material, fiber reinforced concrete,
- Automotive
- brake pads, turbocharger, V-belts and Timing belts, that incorporate Sulfron (sulfur modified Twaron), mechanical rubber goods reinforcement
See also
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L. Vollbracht and T.J. Veerman, US Patent 4308374 (1976)
External links
