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Tungusic peoples are an ethnolinguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia, Mongolia and China.
The Tungusic language family is divided into two main branches, Northern (Ewenic languages–Udegheic) and Southern Tungusic (Jurchenic–Nanaic languages).
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The Tungusic expansion into Siberia displaced the indigenous Siberian languages, which are now grouped under the term Paleosiberian.
Tungusic people on the Amur river like Udeghe, Ulchi and Nanai adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs, Chinese New Year, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated homes from China.
The Manchu people originally came from Manchuria, which is now Northeast China and the Russian Far East. Following the Manchu establishment of the Qing dynasty in the 17th century, they have been almost completely assimilated into the culture of the Han Chinese population of China, adopting their language.
The southern Tungusic Manchu farming sedentary lifestyle was very different from the nomadic hunter gatherer forager lifestyle of their more northern Tungusic relatives like the Warka, which left the Qing state to attempt to make them sedentarize and farm like Manchus.
During the 17th century, the Tsardom of Russia was expanding east across Siberia, and into Tungusic-speaking lands, resulting in early border skirmishes with the Qing dynasty of China, leading up to the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk. The first published description of a Tungusic people to reach beyond Russia into the rest of Europe was by the Dutch traveler Isaac Massa in 1612. He passed along information from Russian reports after his stay in Moscow.[3] Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 4. By Donald F. Lach
The southern branch is dominated by the Manchu people (historically Jurchen people). Qing dynasty were Manchu, and the Manchu group has largely been sinicized (the Manchu language being moribund, with 20 native speakers reported as of 2007Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In R. E. Asher & Christopher Moseley (eds.), Atlas of the world's languages, 2nd edn., 159–209. London & New York: Routledge.).
The Sibe people were possibly a Tungusic-speaking section of the (Mongolic) Shiwei people and have been conquered by the expanding Manchu (Jurchen). Their language is mutually intelligible with Manchu. The Nanai people (Goldi) are also derived from the Jurchen. The Orok people are an offshoot of the Nanai. Other minor groups closely related to the Nanai are the Ulch people, Oroch people and Udege people. The Udege live in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai in the Russian Federation.
The northern branch is mostly formed by the closely related ethnic groups of Evenks (Ewenki) and Evens. (Evenks and Evens are also grouped as "Evenic". Their ethnonyms are only distinguished by a different suffix - -n for Even and -nkī for Evenkī; endonymically, they even use the same adjective for themselves - ǝwǝdī, meaning "Even" in the Even language and "Evenkī" in the Evenkī language.) The Evenks live in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug of Russia in addition to many parts of eastern Siberia, especially Sakha Republic. The Evens are very closely related to the Evenks by language and culture, and they likewise inhabit various parts of eastern Siberia. People who classify themselves as Evenks in the Russian census tend to live toward the west and toward the south of eastern Siberia, whereas people who classify themselves as Evens tend to live toward the east and toward the north of eastern Siberia, with some degree of overlap in the middle (notably, in certain parts of Sakha Republic). Minor ethnic groups also in the northern branch are the Negidals and the Oroqen people. The Oroqen, Solon people, and Hamnigan inhabit some parts of Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia in China, and Mongolia and may be considered as subgroups of the Evenk ethnicity, though the Solons and the Khamnigans in particular have interacted closely with Mongolic peoples (Mongols, Daur people, Buryats), and they are ethnographically quite distinct from the Evenks in Russia.
The Taz people are unique among Tungusic peoples for having a Sinitic dialect as their native language. They are the result of intermarriages between Han Chinese men and Udege, Nanai, and Oroch women in Outer Manchuria during the Qing dynasty.
| Manchu shamanism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Catholic Church |
| Buddhism, Shamanism |
| Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy, Buddhism |
| Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy |
| Buddhism, Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism |
| Shamanism, Buddhism |
| Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy |
| Shamanism |
| Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy, Buddhism |
| Shamanism |
| Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy |
| Russian Orthodoxy |
Previous studies argued for a potential shared ancestry between Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Koreanic, and Japonic populations via Neolithic agriculturalist societies from Northeast China (e.g. the Liao civilization) as a part of the hypothetical Altaic language family. However, genetic data contradicts this because while West Liao River ancestry was found among the "macro-Altaic" Koreans and Japanese, it was absent among the "micro-Altaic" Tungusic and Mongolic populations. Other complications of associating the hypothetical Altaic language family to the West Liao River is that the earliest genomes from the West Liao River also contain Yellow River ancestry (which is not found in Amur or Primorye) and that the similarities between Ancient Northeast Asian ancestries originating from the West Liao River with those native to the Amur region make such movements into this region difficult to track genetically.
The Manchu people, the largest Tungusic-speaking population, displays increased genetic affinity with Han Chinese, and Koreans, compared to with other Tungusic peoples. The Manchu were therefore an exception to the coherent genetic structure of Tungusic-speaking populations, likely due to the large-scale population migrations and genetic admixtures with the Han Chinese in the past few hundred years.
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According to a total of 29 sample from the mtDNA studies of Xibo people, Oroqen people, and Nanai people from China:
| Haplogroup B | 2/29 | 6.89% | |
| Haplogroup C | 8/29 | 27.58% | |
| Haplogroup D | 6/29 | 20.68% | |
| Haplogroup F | 4/29 | 13.79% | |
| Haplogroup M | 1/29 | 3.44% | |
| Haplogroup R | 1/29 | 3.44% | |
| Haplogroup J | 1/29 | 3.44% | Found 1 in 10 (10%) samples of Oroqen |
| Haplogroup U | 1/29 | 3.44% | Found 1 in 9 (11.11%) samples of Xibo |
| Haplogroup Y | 4/29 | 13.79% | All 4 samples found only in the Hezhen people |
| Haplogroup Z | 1/29 | 3.44%% | |
283 samples from a mtDNA study of Tungusic Evenks, Evens, and Udeges in Russia published in 2013, their main mtDNA haplogroups are :
| Haplogroup C | 121/283 | 42.76% | |
| C4b | 55/283 | 19.43% | |
| C4a | 54/283 | 19.08% | |
| C5 | 11/283 | 3.89% | |
| Haplogroup D | 69/283 | 24.38% | |
| D4l2 | 18/283 | 6.36% | |
| D5a2a2 | 12/283 | 4.24% | |
| D4e4a | 10/283 | 3.53% | |
| D3 | 8/283 | 2.83% | |
| D4o2 | 8/283 | 2.83% | (observed only in the sample of Evens from Kamchatka) |
| D4i2 | 5/283 | 1.77% | |
| D4j | 5/283 | 1.77% | |
| D4m2 | 3/283 | 1.06% | |
| Haplogroup Z1a | 25/283 | 8.83% | |
| Z1a(xZ1a1, Z1a2) | 12/283 | 4.24% | |
| Z1a2 | 9/283 | 3.18% | |
| Z1a1 | 4/283 | 1.41% | |
| Haplogroup A | 11/283 | 3.89% | |
| A4(xA2a, A2b1, A8, A12a) | 7/283 | 2.47% | |
| A12a | 2/283 | 0.71% | |
| A2a | 2/283 | 0.71% | |
| Haplogroup N9b | 10/283 | 3.53% | (observed only in the sample of Udege) |
| Haplogroup G | 10/283 | 3.53% | |
| G1b | 9/283 | 3.18% | |
| G2a1 | 1/283 | 0.35% | |
| Haplogroup Y1a | 8/283 | 2.83% | |
| Haplogroup M7 | 8/283 | 2.83% | |
| M7a2a | 6/283 | 2.12% | |
| M7c1d | 2/283 | 0.71% | |
| Haplogroup F1b1 | 6/283 | 2.12% |
==Gallery==
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