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Tongliao is a prefecture-level city in eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The area is and as of the 2020 census, its population was 2,873,168 (3,139,153 in 2010). However, the city proper made of Horqin district, had 921,808 inhabitants. The city was the administrative centre of the defunct Jirem League.
The original Mongolian name for Tongliao city proper (i.e. Horqin District) is Bayitalai (l=having buildings), while the original name of the prefecture-level city is Jirem. The Mongolian dialect spoken in this area is Khorchin Mongolian.
After the Mongolian Khanate ovcupird the area, Tongliao was put under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang province, whose provincial capital was in today's Liaoning Province. In the early 1617, Khorchin Mongols, Dörbod, Jalaids and Gorlos Mongols tribes met in Jirem to establish an alliance, and the Jirem League was founded in 1636 to administer Khorchin territory. The Jirem League had jurisdiction over six Khorchin banners, two Gorlos banners, one Dorbod banner and one Jalaid banner. During the Republican period, the Jirem League and the surrounding Khorchin area was controlled by the Fengtian and Liaoning provinces.
In 1918, Tongliao County was first established under the administration of the Jirem League and Fengtian province. After the Japanese invaded northern China in 1931, the Japanese attacked Tongliao urban area and soon divided it into four parts, in order to govern the western part of former Heilongjiang, Jilin and Fengtian provinces. These Xing'an provinces roughly overlap today's eastern part of Inner Mongolia, including today's Hulunbuir League, Xingan League, Chifeng and Tongliao. After the dissolution of the Manchukuo state, the Jirem League was governed by Liaoning and Liaobei provinces until Ulanhu established Inner Mongolia in Ulanhot, governing eastern Mongolian areas including the Hulunbuir, Jirem and Ju Ud leagues. After 1969, the Jirem League was put under the administration of Jilin province administration for 10 years until 1979. In 1999, the Jirem League became defunct and changed its name to Tongliao city, which was set up a prefecture-level city.
In 1924, Oomoto leader Onisaburo Deguchi, Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba, and Lu Zhankui were arrested by Chinese authorities in Tongliao. Lu and his men were executed by firing squad, but Deguchi and Ueshiba were released into the customer of the Japanese consul.
Tongliao's topography primarily consists of plains, though the northern stretch of the prefecture extends into the eastern foothills of the southern Greater Khingan. The central and eastern parts of the prefecture are marked by the plains of the Xiliao River, Xinkai River (新开河]]), and Jiaolai rivers (教来河), collectively forming the Sanhe Plain (l=three rivers' plain). The highest point in the prefecture is Tunte'er Peak (吞特尔峰), at .
Tongliao has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, Continentality steppe climate (Köppen BSk), with long, cold, windy, but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly mean temperatures range from in January to in July, with an annual mean of . Much of the year's rainfall occurs from June to August, and even then dry and sunny weather dominates in the city. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 57% in July to 78% in January, sunshine is abundant year-round, with 3,054 hours of bright sunshine annually.
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| Horqin District | 科尔沁区 | 921,808 | 3,515.69 | 262 | |||
| Holingol city | 霍林郭勒市 | 138,676 | 584.65 | 237 | |||
| Kailu County | 开鲁县 | 313,364 | 4,353.20 | 72 | |||
| Hure Banner | 库伦旗 | 151,133 | 4,709 | 32 | |||
| Naiman Banner | 奈曼旗 | 375,312 | 8,135.22 | 46 | |||
| Jarud Banner | 扎鲁特旗 | 251,806 | 16,491.6 | 15 | |||
| Horqin Left Middle Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Dundad Banner) | 科尔沁左翼中旗 | 399,631 | 9,572.54 | 42 | |||
| Horqin Left Back Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Hoit Banner) | 科尔沁左翼后旗 | 321,438 | 11,499.64 | 28 | |||
| Han Chinese | 1,592,279 | 50.72% |
| Mongol | 1,441,275 | 45.91% |
| Manchu | 88,316 | 2.81% |
| Hui | 12,462 | 0.4% |
| Koreans | 2,421 | 0.08% |
| Xibe people | 890 | 0.03% |
| Daur people | 548 | 0.02% |
Additionally Tongliao Mongolian Middle School (labels=no) is there.
Every summer, the Naadam festival is held at Tongliao's Zhurihe Ranch. Naadam on sand kicks off in China's Inner Mongolia (Xinhua Net
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