Tonghua (p=Tōnghuà) is a prefecture-level city in the south of Jilin province, People's Republic of China. It borders North Korea's Chagang Province to the south and southeast, Baishan to the east, Jilin City to the north, Liaoyuan to the northwest, and Liaoning province to the west and southwest. Its population was 1,812,114 registered residents at the 2020 census living in an area of . Its built-up (or metro) area made of the two urban districts was home to 446,917 inhabitants. It is known as one of the five medicine production centres in China.
History
Human settlement in the Tonghua area dates from about 6,000 years ago.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Tonghua belonged to the Liaodong Fourth Commandery (遼東四郡).
Tonghua was the birthplace of Goguryeo culture and Shamanism culture.
Under the Japanese occupation of Manchuria after 1932, a railway was constructed linking Tonghua with the main Manchurian rail network and with northern Korea.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Yang Jingyu led the First Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army to battle the Imperial Japanese Army, and was killed in battle.
In August 1945 Tonghua briefly served as the temporary capital of Manchukuo, where Puyi claimed to abdicate at the behest of the Kwantung Army. In 1985, Tonghua became a prefecture-level city under the approval of the State Council.
The city has a recent record of extreme violence including the in 1945, the Tonghua Incident in 1946 and the Tonghua Iron and Steel Group riot in 2009.
Administrative divisions
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| 1 | Dongchang District | 东昌区 | | 360,195 | 383 | 940 |
| 2 | Erdaojiang District | 二道江区 | | 146,682 | 378 | 388 |
| 3 | Meihekou | 梅河口市 | | 615,367 | 2,175 | 283 |
| 4 | Ji'an City | 集安市 | | 232,358 | 3,408 | 68 |
| 5 | Tonghua County | 通化县 | | 247,225 | 3,729 | 66 |
| 6 | Huinan County | 辉南县 | | 359,453 | 2,277 | 158 |
| 7 | Liuhe County | 柳河县 | | 363,962 | 3,348 | 109 |
Geography
Climate
Tonghua has a
monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen
Dwa), with long, very cold, windy, but dry winters and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July; the annual mean is . During the warmer months, rainfall is enhanced by the mountainous topography, allowing for a generous annual precipitation total of . However, the monsoon still means that more than 60% of the annual precipitation falls from June to August alone.
Economy
Traditionally, Tonghua occupied a railhub position in a region of China noted for trade in only three agricultural commodities. These were
ginseng,
marten furs and deer antler products. In the 1980s Tonghua had some success with a wine distillery (see Tonghua Grape Wine) producing sweet, sticky red wines that proved popular with local consumers. From 1987 onwards a biennial wine festival was inaugurated, but this and the industry it promoted ultimately failed commercially owing to competition with joint-venture wine companies such as Dragon, who were able to produce a product that was marketable overseas. Following this failure, Tonghua industry was thrown back on its traditional agricultural products - and a few small but viable factories, including one specialising in
fake fur.
A fledgling tourist trade sought to highlight Tonghua attractions such as some skiing slopes, the tomb of the local hero General Yang (a resister to the Japanese occupation of Manchukuo in the 1930s) and the Changbai Shan Nature Reserve for which Tonghua serves as a connecting railway station from the major population centres to the north and west.
Tonghua's population hovers around 300,000, but census information is difficult to assess as it includes demographic information from other towns nearby (for example, Erdaojiang - a suburb of Tonghua, and even Hunjiang City, a city to the east). The inclusion of these suburbs and surrounding towns greatly swells Tonghua's official population beyond the 300,000-mark.
Steel
Erdaojiang District has a number of steelworks, and tens of thousands of steelworkers are employed locally. In July 2009, workers at Tonghua Iron and Steel Group rioted
(See main article) at news of a takeover deal by privately owned
Jianlong Steel, and the general manager of the firm was beaten to death. The unrest reportedly involved 30,000 workers, with up to 100 injured in clashes with police. The takeover was promptly scrapped.
[ One killed in China steel riot, BBC News, 26 July 2009][ Takeover scrapped after workers kill steel plant manager SCMP, 27 July 2009]
Tonghua Iron and Steel became part of Shougang Group in 2010,[ China's Shougang to take over scandal-hit Tonghua Steel (Reuters, 2010)] and is now called Shougang Tonghua Steel Group.[ Shougang Tonghua Steel Group(Shougang.com.cn)]
Pharmaceuticals
The city of Tonghua has also become a hub for a range of Chinese pharmaceutical firms, including domestic insulin producer Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceuticals Ltd. These companies are generally spread among the various "Industrial parks" found throughout the city, with 46 projects located in these parks in 2012 alone.
Investment in Tonghua's pharmaceutical industry is on the increase, with 27 of these projects worth over 100 million Yuan. Other pharmaceutical producers in the area include Jingma, Zhenghe and Wantong Pharmaceuticals.
Transportation
Railway
Railways from Shenyang to
Jilin City and Meihekou to Ji'an meets in Tonghua. Trains from Tonghua Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Qingdao, Shenyang, Dalian and several other major cities in China.
Highway
Tonghua is served by G11 Hegang-Dalian Expressway.
Air
Tonghua is served by Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport.
Tourism
Yang Jingyu Martyrs Cemetery
The Yang Jingyu Martyrs Cemetery is located on the hills adjoining the Tongjiang River in Tonghua and was built to commemorate Second Sino-Japanese War war hero,
Yang Jingyu. It was built in July 1954 and completed in September 1957. The cemetery covers an area of . There are five buildings in the park, which are classical glazed tile buildings. The front is the mourning hall and the tomb. The four partial temples are the performance exhibition hall of General Yang Jingyu. The bronze statue of General Yang Jingyu erects on the central of the cemetery. The front of the granite base is engraved with
Peng Zhen’s handwriting: The National Hero Yang Jingyu.
Baijifeng National Forest Park
It is located in the southeast of Tonghua, 25 kilometers away from the urban area. The altitude of the Baiji Yaoshan in the park is , which is the highest peak of Tonghua.
The Forest Park is dominated by natural landscapes. The total area of the park is about and the forest coverage rate is 98.7%. The main species are Korean pine, spruce, alfalfa, birch, and rare species such as yew, hedgehog, Common hawthorn, and magnolia. Under the canopy, there are mainly wild ginseng, ginseng, asarum and other medicinal materials.
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