Tigalari is a Southern Brahmic scripts which was used to write Tulu language, Kannada, and Sanskrit languages. It was primarily used for writing Vedas in Sanskrit.
The oldest record of the usage of this script found in a stone inscription at the Sri Veeranarayana temple in Kulshekar here is in complete Tigalari/Tulu script and Tulu language and belongs to the .
Names
| +
! Name of the script
! Prevalent in
! References to their roots |
Arya Ezhuttu
Grantha Malayalam | Kerala, Parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu | Malayalam Speakers, Manipravala, Tamil Grantha |
Western Grantha
Tulu-Malayalam | Few academic publications | 19th Century Western Scholars |
| Tulu-Tigalari | Malenadu and Karavali regions of Karnataka | Kannada speakers, Havyaka Brahmins, National Manuscript Mission Catalogues |
Tulu Lipi
Tulu Grantha Lipi | Coastal Karnataka, Tulu Nadu | Tulu speakers, A C Burnell |
The name by which this script is referred to is closely tied with its regional, linguistic or historical roots. It would not be wrong to assign all the names mentioned above to this script.
Arya Ezhuttu, or the more recently coined term Grantha Malayalam, is used to refer to this script in Kerala. Arya Ezhuttu covers the spectrum between the older script (that is Tigalari) until it was standardised by the lead types for Malayalam script (old style) in Kerala.
Tigalari is used to this day by the Havyaka Brahmins of the Malanadu region. Tigalari is also the term that is commonly used to refer to this script in most manuscript catalogues and in several academic publications today. Gunda Jois has studied this script closely for over four decades now. According to his findings that were based on evidences found in stone inscriptions, palm leaf manuscripts and early research work done by western scholars like B. L. Rice, he finds the only name used for this script historically has been Tigalari.
It is referred to as Tigalari lipi in Kannada-speaking regions (Malenadu) and Tulu language speakers call it as Tulu lipi. It bears high similarity and relationship to its sister script Malayalam script, which also evolved from the Grantha script.
This script is commonly known as the Tulu script or Tulu Grantha script in the coastal regions of Karnataka. There are several recent publications and instructional books for learning this script. It is also called the Tigalari script in—Elements of South Indian Palaeography by Rev. A C Burnell and a couple of other early publications of the Basel Mission press, Mangalore. Tulu Ramayana manuscript found in the Dharmasthala archives refers to this script as Tigalari Lipi.
Geographical distribution
The script is used all over
Kanara and
Malenadu regions of
Karnataka. Many manuscripts are also found
North Canara,
Udupi,
South Canara,
Shimoga district,
Chikkamagaluru and Kasaragod district of Kerala. There are innumerable manuscripts found in this region. The major language of manuscripts is
Sanskrit, mainly the works of
Vedas,
Hindu astrology and other Sanskrit epics.
Usage
Historical use
Thousands of manuscripts have been found in this script such as
Vedas,
Upanishads,
Jyotisha,
Dharmashastra,
Purana and many more. Most works are in Sanskrit. However, some Kannada manuscripts are also found such as
Gokarna Mahatmyam etc. The popular 16th-century work
Kaushika Ramayana written in Old Kannada language by Battaleshwara of Yana, Uttara Kannada is found in this script.
Mahabharata of 15th century written in this script in Tulu language is also found. But earlier to this several 12th-13th century Sanskrit manuscripts of
Madhvacharya are also found.
Honnavar in Uttara Kannada District is known for its
Samaveda manuscripts. Other manuscripts like
, from the 15th century and two
written in the 17th century, namely
Sri Bhagavato and
Kaveri have also been found in
Tulu language.
Modern use
Today the usage of the script has decreased. It is still used in parts of
Kanara region and traditional
Mathas of undivided
Dakshina Kannada and
Uttara Kannada Districts.
The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on Tigalari script. Dharmasthala and the Ashta Mathas of Udupi have done significant work in preserving the script. Several studies and research work has been done on Tigalari script. Keladi houses over 400 manuscripts in Tigalari script.
There is a gaining support and interest by Tuluvas in revival of the script. Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy is constantly conducting meetings with experts for standardisation of Tulu script.
There are many places in Tulu Nadu region where sign boards are being installed in Tulu script.
Preservation
- Keladi Museum & Historical Research Bureau, Shimoga, Karnataka
- The museum has a library of about a thousand paper and palm leaf manuscripts written in Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu, besides four hundred palm leaf manuscripts in Tigalari script. They relate to literature, art, dharmaśāstra, history, astrology, astronomy, medicine, mathematics and veterinary science. There are several collections in the museum, including art objects, arms coins, stone sculptures and copper plate inscriptions belonging to the Vijayanagara and Keladi eras. The Institution is affiliated to Gnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Kuvempu University of Shimoga.
- Oriental Research Institute Mysore
- The Oriental Research Institute Mysore houses over 33,000 palm leaf manuscripts. It is a research institute which collects, exhibits, edits and publishes rare manuscripts in both Sanskrit and Kannada. It contains many manuscripts, including Sarada Tilaka, in Tigalari script. The Sharadatilaka is a treatise on theory and practice of tantra. While the exact date of the composition is not known, the manuscript itself is thought to be about four hundred years old. The author of the text, Lakshmana Deshikendra, is said to have written the text as an aid to worship for those unable to go through voluminous Tantra texts. The composition contains the gist of major Tantra classics and is in verse form.
- Saraswathi Mahal Library, Thanjavur
- Built up by the Nayak and Maratha dynasties of Thanjavur, Saraswathi Mahal Library contains a very rare and valuable collection of manuscripts, books, maps and painting on all aspects of arts, culture and literature. The scripts include Grantha, Devanagari, Telugu and Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, Tigalari and Oriya.
- French Institute of Pondicherry
- The French Institute of Pondicherry was established in 1955 with a view to collecting all material relating to Shaivism Āgamas, scriptures of the Saiva religious tradition called the Shaiva Siddhanta, which has flourished in South India since the The manuscript collection of the Institute
[The digitized Tigalari manuscripts can be viewed at ] was compiled under its Founder–Director, Jean Filliozat. The manuscripts, which are in need of urgent preservation, cover a wide variety of topics such as Vedic ritual, Saiva Agama, Sthalapurana and scripts, such as Grantha and Tamil. The collection consists of approximately 8,600 palm-leaf codices, most of which are in the Sanskrit language and written in Grantha script; others are in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Nandinagari and Tigalari scripts.
- The Shaiva Agama is composed in Sanskrit and written in Tigalari script. Though there may be a few copies of these texts available elsewhere, this particular codex comes from southern Karnataka, providing glimpses into the regional variations and peculiarities in ritual patterns. The manuscript was copied in the 18th century on (sritala) palm leaf manuscripts.
Apart from these they are also found in Dharmasthala, Ramachandrapura Matha of Hosanagar, Shimoga, Sodhe Swarnavalli Matha of Sirsi and the Ashta Mathas of Udupi.
Characters
A chart showing a complete list of consonant and vowel combinations used in the Tigalari script.
Comparison with other scripts
Tigalari and
Malayalam script are both descended from
Grantha script, and resemble each other both in their individual letters and in using consonant conjuncts less than other Indic scripts. It is assumed that a single script around 9th-10th century called Western Grantha, evolved from Grantha script and later divided into two scripts.
[Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment. Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1996.]
The following table compares the consonants , , , , with other Southern Indic scripts such as Grantha alphabet, Tigalari, Malayalam, Kannada alphabet and Sinhala script.
Unicode
The Tigalari script was added to the
Unicode Standard in September 2024 with the release of version 16.0. The Unicode block for Tigalari, named Tulu-Tigalari, is located at U+11380–U+113FF:
Notes
Further reading
See also
External links
