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Texandria (also Toxiandria; later Toxandria, Taxandria) is a region mentioned in the 4th century AD and during the Middle Ages. It was situated in the southern part of the modern Netherlands and in the northern part of present-day Belgium, an area currently known as Campine (Kempen in Dutch).
The variant form Toxiandria is only attested once in a 9th-century manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus' Res Gestae (ca. 390) to designate the region, and the variant Taxandria occurs five times in 9th-century sources, and also in later documents. The inconsistencies in spelling may be explained by dittography (errors by copyists), or by the fact that the older form Texandria had fallen out of usage.
The name Texandria is generally assumed to derive from the Proto-Germanic stem *tehswō- ('right hand, south'; cf. Old Saxon tesewa, Gothic language taihswa, 'right, south') attached to the contrasting suffix *-dra-. Texandria may thus be interpreted as the 'land of the southerners'.
As a result of a growing elite network of alliances, Texandria expanded between 815 and 914 to a region covering modern North Brabant and adjacent parts of the provinces of Antwerp Province and Limburg (possibly between Oosterhout, Laakdal and Reppel). In the mid-11th century, Stepelinus, a monk from Sint-Truiden, located the region of Campania (firstly attested in this document) within Texandria. From ca. 1225, Campania (modern Campine) replaced Texandria as the name of the region. The latter had nonetheless survived as the name of a vast within the diocese of Liège, although it was eventually also replaced with Campania by the end of the 14th century, then disappeared from historical records.
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