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A succubus () is a who is described in various folklore as appearing in the dreams of male humans in order to seduce them. Repeated interactions between a succubus and a man will lead to sexual activity, a bond forming between them, and ultimately sexual intercourse, as she requires to survive. The establishment and perpetuation of such a relationship enables the production of a hybrid offspring known as a , but at the expense of the man, whose mental and physical health will deteriorate rapidly, eventually resulting in his death if the succubus continues courting him for a protracted period.

In modern representations, a succubus is often depicted as a beautiful , rather than as demonic or frightening, to attract people instead of repulsing them. The male counterpart to the succubus is the . Historically, folkloric belief in succubi was motivated by distressing nighttime phenomena, chiefly and .


Etymology
The term derives from succuba "paramour" from succubare "to lie beneath" ( sub- "under" and cubare "to lie"), used to describe this being's implied sexual position relative to the sleeper's position. The word "succubus" dates from the late 14th century. The succubus is also known as the earth wanderer.


In folklore
As depicted in the Jewish mystical treatise and the medieval Jewish satirical text Alphabet of Ben Sira, was 's first wife, who later became a succubus.
(1990). 9780814322710, Wayne State University Press.
She left Adam and refused to return to the Garden of Eden after she mated with the archangel .
(2025). 9789004177529, .
In Zoharistic , there were four succubi who mated with the Samael. The four original queens of the demons were , , Agrat bat Mahlat, and Naamah. A succubus may take the form of a beautiful woman, but closer inspection may reveal deformities of her body, such as bird-like claws or tails.
(2025). 9780313393433, Praeger.
Folklore also describes men being forced to perform the act of .
(2025). 9781438126845, Facts On File. .
In later folklore, a succubus took the form of a siren.

Throughout history, and , including Hanina ben Dosa and , tried to curb the power of succubi over humans.Geoffrey W. Dennis, The encyclopedia of Jewish myth, magic and mysticism. p. 126 However, not all succubi were malevolent. According to in the satire De nugis curialium ( Trifles of Courtiers), Pope Sylvester II (999–1003) was allegedly involved with a succubus named Meridiana, who helped him achieve his high rank in the . Before his death, he confessed of his sins and died repentant.


Ability to reproduce
According to the and the school of Rashba, the original three queens of the demons, Agrat bat Mahlat, Naamah, Eisheth Zenunim, and all their cohorts give birth to children, except Lilith. According to other , the children of Lilith are called .

According to the Malleus Maleficarum, or Witches' Hammer, written by (Institor) in 1486, succubi from men they seduce. Incubi, or male demons, then use the semen to impregnate human females,Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator – 1928), The Malleus Maleficarum, Part2, chapter VIII, "Certain Remedies prescribed against those Dark and Horrid Harms with which Devils may Afflict Men," at sacred-texts.com thus explaining how demons could apparently sire children, despite the traditional belief that they were incapable of reproduction. Children so begotten——were supposed to be those that were born deformed, or more susceptible to supernatural influences.Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), , Entry: Incubi and Succubi, pp. 218, 219, Visible Ink Press,

King James in his dissertation titled refutes the possibility for angelic entities to reproduce and instead offered a suggestion that a would carry out two methods of impregnating women - the first, to out of a dead man and deliver it into a woman. If a demon could extract the semen quickly, the substance could not be instantly transported to a female host, causing it to go cold. This explains his view that succubi and incubi were the same demonic entity, only to be described differently based on the tormented sexes being conversed with. The second method was the idea that a dead body could be possessed by a devil, causing it to rise and have sexual relations with others. However, no mention has been found of a female corpse being possessed to elicit sex from men.

(2025). 9781532968914, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.


In non-Western literature

Buddhist canon
A scripture regarding prayer to Avalokiteśvara, the Dharani Sutra of Amoghapāśa, promises to those who pray that "you will not be attacked by demons who either suck your energy or make love to you in your dreams."
(2025). 023112029X, Columbia University Press. . 023112029X


Arabian mythology
In Arabian mythology, the qarînah (قرينة) is a spirit similar to the succubus, with origins possibly in ancient Egyptian religion or in the beliefs of pre-Islamic Arabia. A qarînah "sleeps with the person and has relations during sleep as is known by the dreams". They are said to be invisible, but a person with "" can see them, often in the form of a cat, dog, or other household pet. "In Omdurman it is a spirit which possesses. ...Only certain people are possessed and such people cannot marry or the qarina will harm them."

In Upper Egyptian folk belief, the qarînah can be appeased by sacrificing an all-black animal to her. The animal is slaughtered without prayers, and it is cooked without salt. No one speaks during the meal and it is buried in the house of those it has afflicted.


See also
  • List of mythological creatures
  • List of succubi in fiction


Further reading

External links
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