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Sthenelaidas () was a who held the office of ephor in 432 BC. He is best known for having spoken in favour of initiating the Peloponnesian War against Classical Athens.
In late 432, Sthenelaidas presided over a session of the apella, during which the issue of war against Classical Athens was debated. The king Archidamus II wanted to temporise, saying that Sparta was not ready for war, but Sthenelaidas made an aggressive speech calling for war immediately.Ste. Croix, Origins of the Peloponnesian War, p. 201. The events are developed in details by Thucydides in a famous passage of his History of the Peloponnesian War, where he invented a series of speeches summarising the position of each protagonist. Thucydides wrote a long speech for Archidamus, implicitly compared to Pericles for his statesman's qualities, but makes Sthenelaidas pronounce a few Laconic phrase sentences insisting on the need for Sparta to rapidly support its allies against Athens.Thucydides, i. 85-86, viii. 5Pausanias, Description of Greece iii. 7Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea, pp. 146, 147.Cinzia Beazot, "Spartani 'ideali e Spartani 'anomali'", in Bearzot & Gattinoni (eds.), Contro le "leggi immutabili", pp. 11, 12.
A first vote took place on whether Athens had broken peace, but its result where inconclusive, because the Spartans voted by Voice vote. Sthenelaidas then asked for a division. As most of the Spartans were afraid to appear weak by favouring peace, they moved to the group in favour of the war. Sthenelaidas therefore won the vote by a large majority.Ruzé & Christien, Sparte, p. 213.Parmeggiani, "How Sparta and Its Allies Went to War", p. 244 (note 1). Sparta then sent an embassy to the Pythia in Delphi to obtain Apollo's support for a war against Athens. A congress of the Peloponnesian League was subsequently called and formally declared war.Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea, p. 144.Parmeggiani, "How Sparta and Its Allies Went to War", p. 245.
Ernst Badian has nevertheless suggested that Thucydides distorted the events. Sthenelaidas' motion put to vote was not for or against war, but on whether Athens had broken the Thirty Years' Peace, which had been concluded in 445 between Athens and Sparta. The motion is likely authentic as Athenian ambassadors present in Sparta this day reported it to their city, from where Thucydides learnt about it, but it contradicts Sthenelaidas' invented speech, which called for immediate intervention.Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea, p. 147. Badian adds that the motion did not make war inevitable, as several Spartan embassies to Athens are recorded the following year.Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea, pp. 147, 148.
Sthenelaidas is the first known Spartan outside the royal families to play a decisive role in shaping Sparta's foreign policy since Hetoimaridas, Gerousia in 475, and Chilon, ephor .Ste. Croix, Origins of the Peloponnesian War, pp. 143, 170. He was the father of the Spartan general Alcamenes, who probably inherited his hawkish stance against Athens.Ste. Croix, Origins of the Peloponnesian War, p. 145.
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