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Venkateswara (, ), also known as Venkatachalapati, Venkata, Balaji and Srinivasa,

(1992). 9788174781765, Sura Books. .
is a Hindu deity, described as a form or of the god . He is the presiding deity of Venkateswara Temple, . His consorts, Padmavati and , are avatars of the goddess , the consort of Vishnu.

Etymology and other names
Venkateswara literally means "Lord of Venkata".
(2025). 9780791499962, . .
(2025). 9781405144445, John Wiley & Sons. .
The word is a combination of the words Venkata (the name of a hill in Andhra Pradesh) and iśvara ("Lord").
(2025). 9780520940079, University of California Press. .
According to the and , the word "Venkata" means "destroyer of sins", deriving from the Sanskrit words vem (sins) and kata (power of immunity).
(2025). 9788187111467, Vakils, Feffer, and Simons. .

Venkateswara is known by many names such as Srinivasa ( in whom Lakshmi dwells), Narayana ( The Primordial One), Perumal ( the great lord), Malayappa ( the lord of the Hill) and Govinda (Protector of Cows). In Tamil, he is commonly called "Elumalayan", meaning Lord of Seven Hills. In Telugu, he is commonly known as "ఏడు కొండలవాడా,” (Ēḍu Koṇḍala Vāḍā), also meaning the Lord of the Seven Hills.

(2025). 9781317546351, Routledge. .
In Telugu, the hill name was 'Venkatam, Vēṅkaṭam', which is another form of 'Vaikuntam', and it follows that Lord Venkateswara means Lord Vaikunteswara or God of Vaikuntha. Vaikuntha refers to the residence of Lord Vishnu.

The Venkateswara mantra is "Om Namo Venkateshaya".

Legends
Birth
Every year, hundreds of thousands of devotees donate a large amount of wealth at the Venkateswara Temple at , . A legend provides the reason for the tradition of providing donations.

once observed a few rishis performing a holy . Unable to decide who the yagna should benefit, he recruited sage to decide after he had met with each of the in their abodes. Bhrigu visited in and in and went unnoticed by both of these deities. He finally reached and met , who was absorbed in meditation with his feet being attended to by his consort, the goddess . A furious Bhrigu kicked Vishnu's chest (the abode of Lakshmi) and angered Lakshmi. But a calm Vishnu asked for forgiveness of Bhrigu, and served the sage by massaging his legs. During this act, he squashed the extra eye that was present on the sole of Bhrigu's foot, which destroyed the sage's egotism. Lakshmi then departed from , reached and performed an intense penance for twelve years, after which she was born as to Akasha Raja.

After Lakshmi left, Vishnu went to Venkata Hill, sat in an anthill under a tamarind tree beside a pushkarini (lake), and started chanting the name of his wife, Mahalakshmi.

(2025). 9798640227642, Independently published (April 25, 2020).
He then reincarnated as Srinivasa (or presented himself after penance in the ant-hill) as the son of the elderly woman , who was the rebirth of the deity 's foster-mother. Unhappy that she had been unable to attend Krishna's wedding to , the deity promised that he would be reborn to her as a son, as Srinivasa.S Krishnasvami Aiyangar (1940). , Tirumala Tirupati Devastanam Committee Madras

Marriage to Padmavathi
Vakula Devi travelled from her hermitage to approach Akasha Raja with her proposal of marriage between Srinivasa and Padmavathi. In the meantime, the restless deity came to the city in the disguise of a fortune-teller. Princess Padmavathi also fell in love with Srinivasa and fell ill after returning to the palace. Unable to diagnose the cause of her sickness, the maids invited the fortune-teller into the palace to foretell the future of the princess. When the fortune-teller revealed that Padmavathi was born to marry Vishnu in his current avatar as Srinivasa, she recovered. As the king heard this news, Vakula announced herself to the king and asked for his daughter's hand in marriage to her son, Srinivasa. The overjoyed king agreed and his advisor Brihaspati wrote the invitation for the wedding between the two deities.
(2013). 9781468930504, Booktango. .

Srinivasa asked the gods for consent to his marriage with Padmavathi. The deity also obtained a large loan from , the god of wealth, towards the expenses for the wedding as well as provide proof of his wealth. According to legends, Venkateswara married Padmavathi at Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam, after which they moved to Tirumala.

(2025). 9788174369031, Roli Books Private Limited. .

Srinivasa turns into Venkateswara
About six months after the celestial wedding, Brahma and Shiva explained to Lakshmi her consort Vishnu's desire to be on the seven hills for the emancipation of mankind from the perpetual troubles of . Lakshmi as well as her form as Padmavathi also turn into stone idols as an expression of their wish to always be with their deity. Lakshmi stays with him on the left side of his chest while Padmavathi rests on the right side of his chest.Sri Ramakrishna Dikshitulu and Oppiliappan Koil Sri Varadachari Sathakopan. Sri Vaikhasana Bhagavad Sastram (An Introduction)

Iconography and symbolism
The idol of Venkateswara has the attributes of both and - the preserving and destroying aspects of the Hindu Trinity. The deity wears ornaments associated with Vishnu, but also ornaments such as the Naga, associated with Shiva. As such, followers believe that Venkateswara represents the vishwarup, or universal form, encompassing all of God's forms as described in Chapter 11 of the .

Venkateswara is known to stand for goodness. His disc is believed to annihilate evil, while the conch is presumed to produce the cosmic sound that puts an end to the world's ignorance. Venkateswara is also known as .

(2015). 9788184954456, Jaico Publishing House. .

Literature
Venkateswara finds his mention in the , mainly in and (as a form of Vishnu). Other Puranas also mentioned him as an avatar of Vishnu.
(1986). 9783447025225, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
(2025). 9781439904640, Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). .
Additionally, Sri Venkatachala Mahatmyam a text glorifies the deity and has hymns related to his worship.

extols the significance of worshipping this deity:

Worship and festivals
Venkateshwara, an aspect of Vishnu, is the presiding deity of the temple. It is believed that the deity is Swayambhu (self manifested).
(2015). 9783319189239, Springer. .
Ten Puranas state that Tirupati is a form of Lord Vishnu. Even deity appears similar to 108 - Vaishnava temple Vishnu deities. The deity is believed to be as old as the "Shila thoranam" in Tirumala. Tirumala has tremendous fame from the ancient period. The deity is referred to as 'Balaji' by North Indians. The scriptures state that Venkateshwara is the saviour of all suffering people in the .

In the 12th century, visited Tirupati to settle a dispute that had arisen between the and regarding the nature of the deity set up in the Tirumala temple. Until that, Deity was worshipped as Shiva for six months and Vishnu as another six months in a year. Ramanuja streamlined the rituals at Tirumala temple according to Agama tradition, and introduced the recitation of the Naalayira Divya Prabandham. He also set up the Tirupati Jeeyar in 1119 AD, in consultation with Tirumalai Ananthalwan to institutionalise service to the deity and supervise the temple rituals. The Jeeyars, to this day, ensures that the rituals ordained by Ramanuja are observed.

The five deities
According to the Vaikhanasa Agamas, Venkateswara is represented by five (berams) including the , which are together referred to as the Pancha beramulu in (pancha means five; beram means deity).
(2014). 9788184954456, Shantha Nair. .
The five deities are Dhruva Beram (Moolavar), Kautuka Beram, Snapana Beram, Utsava Beram, and Bali Beram. All the pancha berams are placed in the Garbha griha under .

  1. Moolavirat (Chief deity) or Dhruva Beram: In the centre of the , under the Ananda Nilayam Vimana, the Moolavirat of Venkateswara is seen in a standing posture on a lotus base, with four arms, two holding shanka and chakra, one in the Varada posture, and the other in the Kati posture. This deity is considered the main source of energy for the temple, and is adorned with the Vaishnavite nama and jewels, including vajra kiritam (diamond crown), Makarakundalas, Nagabharana, Makara Kanti, haram, Lakshmi haram. Venkateswara's consort, , stays on the chest of the Moolavirat as Vyuha Lakshmi.
  2. or Kautuka Beram: This is a small one-foot (0.3 m) silver deity that was given to the temple in 614 AD by the queen, Samavai, for conducting festivals. Bhoga Srinivasa is always placed near the left foot of Moolavirat, and is believed to always be connected to the main deity by the holy Sambandha Kroocha. This deity receives many daily sevas (pleasures) on behalf of Moolavar, and is hence known as Bhoga Srinivasa (Bhoga: pleasure). This deity receives Ekanthaseva daily (the last ritual of the day), and Sahasra Kalasabhisheka (a special (ablution) with in 1008 (pots)) on Wednesdays.
  3. or Snapana Beram: This deity represents the fearsome (Ugra: terrible) aspect of Venkateswara. This deity was the main processional deity until 1330 CE, when it was replaced by the Malayappa Swami deity. Ugra Srinivasa remains inside the sanctum sanctorum, and is carried out on a procession only one day in a year, on Kaishika Dwadasi, before the sunrise. This deity receives daily on behalf of Moolavirat, offering it the name Snapana Beram (Snapana: cleansing)
  4. or Utsava Beram: Malayappa is the processional deity (Utsava beram) of the temple, and is always flanked by the idols of his consorts, and Bhudevi. This deity receives veneration on all festivals, like Brahmotsavams, Kalyanotsavam, Dolotsavam, Vasanthotsavam, Sahasra deepalankarana seva, Padmavati parinyotsavams, pushpapallaki, Anivara asthanam, Ugadi asthanam, etc.
  5. or Bali Beram: Koluvu Srinivasa represents the Bali Beram. Koluvu Srinivasa is regarded as the guardian deity of the temple, that presides over its financial and economic affairs. Daily Koluvu seva (Koluvu: engaged in) is held in the morning, during which the previous day's offerings, income, expenditures. are notified to this deity, with a presentation of accounts. Panchanga sravanam is also held at the same time, during which that particular day's , sunrise and sunset time, and nakshatra. are notified to Venkateshwara.

Festivals
In the Venkateswara Temple over 433 festivals are being observed in 365 days of a year suiting the title "Nitya Kalyanam Paccha Toranam" where every day is a festival.

Sri Venkateswara Brahmotsavams
Sri Venkateswara Brahmotsavams, a nine-day event, which is celebrated every year during month of October, is the major event of Venkateswara Temple. During brahmotsavams the processional deity along with his consorts SriDevi and BhuDevi, is taken in a procession in four mada streets around the temple on different vahanams.

Vaikuntha Ekadashi
Vaikuntha Ekadashi, the day on which it is believed that Vaikunta Dwarams will be opened. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple will be flooded with devotees, to have a darshan of Venkateswara through special entrance which encircles inner sanctum called "Vaikunta Dwaram".

Rathasapthami
, is another festival, celebrated during February, when Venkateswara's processional deity (Malayappa) is taken in a procession around the temple on seven different starting from early morning to late night.
(2025). 9781596821170, Fultus Corporation. .

Hymns
The Venkateswara Suprabhatam is the first and pre-dawn prayer performed to Venkateswara at Sayana Mandapam, within the inner sanctum of the Tirumala Temple. 'Suprabhatam' is a Sanskrit term, which literally means 'morning salutations', and is meant to wake up the deity from his celestial sleep.
(1996). 9788170174448, Abhinav publications.
The Venkateswara Suprabhatam hymns were composed by Prathivadhi Bhayankaram Annangaracharya during the 13th century, and consist of 70 slokas in four parts, including Suprabhatam (29), Stotram (11), Prapatti (14), and Mangalasasanam (16).

The , a Sanskrit work containing ten decads, was composed by the philosopher in praise of the deity.

(Annamayya), the poet saint

(1996). 9788120718838, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. .
of the 14th century, one of the greatest Telugu poets and a great devotee of Venkateswara, had sung 32,000 songs in praise of Venkateswara.
(2025). 9788170174714, Abhinav Publications. .
All his songs, which are in and , are referred to as Sankirtanas and are classified as Sringara Sankirtanalu and Adhyatma Sankirtanalu.

Temples
The most prominent shrine of Venkateswara is Venkateswara Temple situated at , a suburb of .

Venkateswara is also the primary deity at the following temples:

See also

External links

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