Shalom ( šālōm) is a Hebrew language word meaning peace and can be used idiomatically to mean hello and goodbye.[Hoffman, Joel (2007). Glamour of the Grammar in the Jerusalem Post]
As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between a person and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic language is salaam, sliem in Maltese language, Shlama in Neo-Aramaic dialects, and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M.
Etymology
In Hebrew, words are built on "roots", generally of three
Consonants. When the root consonants appear with various
Vowel and additional letters, a variety of words, often with some relation in meaning, can be formed from a single root. Thus from the root
sh-l-m come the words
shalom ("peace, well-being"),
hishtalem ("it was worth it"),
shulam ("was paid for"),
meshulam ("paid for in advance"),
mushlam ("perfect"), and
shalem ("whole").
Biblically, shalom is seen in reference to the well-being of others (Genesis 43:27, Exodus 4:18), to treaties (I Kings 5:12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122:6, Jeremiah 29:7).
The meaning of completeness, central to the term shalom, can also be confirmed in related terms found in other Semitic languages. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as a concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam, meaning, among other things, to be safe, secure and forgiven.
In expressions
The word "shalom" can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and interjection. It categorizes all shaloms. The word
shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:
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Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a Jewish greetings and farewell. In this way, it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the Korean language , the Persian language (), the Hindi namaste, the Italian language ciao and the Vietnamese (a false cognate of ciao; the two words are not linguistically related despite sounding similar to each other).
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Shalom aleichem (; "well-being be upon you" or "may you be well"), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of "hello". The appropriate response to such a greeting is "upon you be well-being" ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic assalamu alaikum. On the eve of Shabbat, Jews have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom Alecheim, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
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In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting "Peace be unto you" (e.g., ), a translation of shalom aleichem. See Pax (liturgy).
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Shabbat shalom (; "peaceful Sabbath") is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, or modern influence. Many Ashkenazi Jews communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish language Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
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Ma sh'lom'cha (; "What is your well-being/peace?") is a Hebrew equivalent of the English "how are you?".
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Alav hashalom (; "upon him is peace") is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
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Oseh shalom (עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם; "Peace-Maker") is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish prayer (including the Birkat Hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers).
Jewish religious principle
In
Judaism,
shalom is one of the underlying principles of the
Torah: "Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are shalom".
[Proverbs 3:17] The
Talmud explains, "The entire Torah is for the sake of the ways of shalom".
[Talmud, Gittin 59b] Maimonides comments in his
Mishneh Torah: "Great is peace, as the whole Torah was given in order to promote peace in the world, as it is stated, 'Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are peace.
[Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, The Laws of Chanukah 4:14]
In the book Not the Way It's Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin, Christian author Cornelius Plantinga described the biblical concept of shalom:
The webbing together of God, humans, and all creation in justice, fulfillment, and delight is what the Hebrew prophets call shalom. We call it peace but it means far more than mere peace of mind or a cease-fire between enemies. In the Bible, shalom means universal flourishing, wholeness and delight – a rich state of affairs in which natural needs are satisfied and natural gifts fruitfully employed, a state of affairs that inspires joyful wonder as its Creator and Savior opens doors and welcomes the creatures in whom he delights. Shalom, in other words, is the way things ought to be.
Use as name
Name for God
The
Talmud says, "the name of God is 'Peace, therefore, one is not permitted to greet another with the word 'shalom' in places such as a bathroom.
[Shabbat 10b from Judges 6:24]
Biblical references lead some Christians to teach that "Shalom" is one of the sacred names of God.[Stone, Nathan J. Names of God, pg. 6, Moody Publishers, 1987][Fanning, Don. "Theology Proper," pg. 25(2009).][F.E. Marsh dealing with the comprehensiveness of the word shalom is the personification of Peace...and a name of God, Lockyer, Herbert. All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible. pg. 41, 47, Zondervan, 1988]
Name for people
Shalom is also a
Hebrew name, found commonly in
Israel as both a
given name and
surname. While traditionally masculine, it is occasionally androgynous, such as in the case of model
Shalom Harlow.
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Related male names include Shlomo (common variation: Solomon) and Shlomi.
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Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.
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Sholem Aleichem was the pseudonym of Shalom Rabinowitz, whose work Tevye formed the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.
Name of organizations
Shalom can be part of an
organization's name, including the titles of the following establishments promoting Israeli-Arab peace:
Name of synagogues or structures
Shalom is used in
Judaism contexts, such as the names of
synagogues and parks, including:
Name of events
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The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milchemet Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: ), which means in English, "The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee".
Other
See also
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Peace has a similar meaning
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Š-L-M
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Salaam/Od Yavo Shalom Aleinu, song of Mosh Ben Ari
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Salute
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Shlama
Sources
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Eirene, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
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Eirene, shalóm, and shalám, Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva (Miami, FL: Editorial Caribe, 2002).
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Eirene, shalom, and shalam, The New Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).
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Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Madrid, Spain: Real Academia Española, 2001).
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Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Downers Grove, IL: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
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Shalom, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003)
