A Schnauzer ( , ; plural Schnauzer, ; ) is a dog breed type that originated in Germany from the 14th to 16th centuries.[ Schnauzer at Merriam-Webster Dictionary] or "whiskered snout",[ "Schnauzer" at Encyclopædia Britannica.] Initially it was called Wire-Haired Pinscher, while Schnauzer was adopted in 1879.
Breeds
There are three
dog breed: the Standard, the
Giant Schnauzer, and the Miniature. Toy and teacup are not breeds of Schnauzer, but these common terms are used to market undersized or ill-bred Miniature Schnauzers.
The original Schnauzer was of the same size as the modern Standard Schnauzer breed and was bred as a
rat-catcher and
guard dog. The Giant Schnauzer and the Miniature Schnauzer were developed from the Standard Schnauzer and are the result of outcrosses with other breeds exhibiting the desirable characteristics needed for the Schnauzer's original purpose. By the VDH and FCI Schnauzer is placed in "Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers", with "Nr. 181, 182 and 183" in "Section 1.2: Schnauzer" dedicated to all three Schnauzer breeds.
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Standard Schnauzers (also known as Mittelschnauzers) are around tall at the shoulder and weigh . They are in the group of , bred as multifunctional dogs to catch rats and other rodents, as livestock and guard dogs, and later they have also carried messages in times of war, helped the Red Cross and been .
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(also known as Riesenschnauzers) are around tall at the shoulder and weigh between . They are working dogs that were developed in Swabia in the 17th century,
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Miniature Schnauzers (also known as Zwergschnauzers) are around tall at the shoulder and weigh between .
[ amsc.us Miniature Schnauzer Breed Club Standard] They were developed since the late 19th century. The cynologists consider that the Miniature Schnauzer is the result of crossing the original Standard Schnauzer with a smaller breed like the Affenpinscher,[ amsc.us Catherine McMillan (AMSC)] In 2004, the Miniature Schnauzer accounted for 2.4% of purebred dogs registered by the AKC.
Genetics
In a 2004, population genetics study of 85 purebred dogs, which used cluster-based methods with four identified genetic clusters, all three Schnauzer breeds structurally mostly clustered within "recent European descent, largely
terriers and
" cluster, with a smaller percent within "working breeds" and "
mastiff-type breeds" clusters, while the "Asian breeds/ancient hounds and
spitz-type breed" cluster was present among Giant Schnauzers.
In a 2007 Collie eye anomaly study of 638 dogs from 132 distinct breeds, with five specimens of each Schnauzer breed size, in the population structure of the microsatellite analysis they mostly clustered in the "hunting group" rather than the "mastiff/terrier group".
In a 2010 GWAS study using more than 48,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of 915 dogs from 85 breeds, Standard and Giant Schnauzers made a separate phylogenetic tree branch clustered among "modern" breeds (e.g., "working dogs"), and not the "small terrier"/"mastiff-terrier" cluster, sharing genetic closeness with the
Dobermann, the
German Shepherd and the Portuguese Water Dog.
In the most recent 2017 WGS study of 1,346 dogs from 161 breeds, Standard and Miniature Schnauzers made one separate phylogenetic clade of 23 clades and formed a unique broader clade in which they share common ancestry with spitz-type breeds such as the American Eskimo Dog, the Pomeranian and the Volpino Italiano, as well as the Schipperke, the Papillon dog, the Brussels Griffon and the Pug. Although the Giant Schnauzer shares a haplotype with the other two Schnauzer breeds, it made a phylogentic node in a separate clade, sharing common ancestry with the Black Russian Terrier, the Rottweiler and the Doberman Pinscher.
Description
The breed is of above average
Dog intelligence and can be independent minded, so early training and diverse daily exercise are recommended. Based on
Stanley Coren's book
The Intelligence of Dogs (2006) ranking methodology, the Miniature ranked 12th, Standard 18th, and Giant 28th out of 140 breeds within 79 ranks on the ability to learn and obey new commands, e.g., working and obedience intelligence. The first two were grouped among "excellent working dogs", while the Giant among "above-average working dogs". Additionally, experts ranked the Miniature as 5th among top 15 breeds at watchdog barking ability, the Giant as 6th among top 13 breeds at effective guard ability, while in adaptive intelligence all three breeds showed good problem-solving abilities.
They are protective and energetic, and will alert members of the household to any potential danger, although its watchful nature can lead to persistent barking.
To avoid annoying the neighbors, dog owners should make every effort to curb excessive barking through training.
Schnauzers have distinctive beards and long, feathery eyebrows. They are generally either a salt and pepper colour, black, or white, but they can be brown also. Some owners shave their Schnauzers down the back while the hairs on their legs are kept long and curly, but this may change the coat colour, so show Schnauzers especially will have their back coat "stripped" by hand, to encourage the salt and pepper pattern to emerge. It was traditional to have the tails docked and the ears cropped to give an alert appearance, but in many countries it is now illegal. For working dogs that are ratters, these procedures don't give the rat anything to grab on to when being attacked and therefore cannot fight back. Cropping and docking are now illegal in the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, and are becoming less common elsewhere. The Schnauzer's beard and leg hair should be brushed often to prevent mats from forming.
Schnauzers have a double coat. The top or guard coat is wiry and water-resistant, while the undercoat is soft. Stripping removes the undercoat and stimulates the hard top coat to come in fuller. The undercoat may be "stripped" (loose, dead hair is plucked) at least twice a year. A stripped Schnauzer will have a hard wiry coat as described in the breed standard. A shaved pet will lose the wiry top coat and only exhibit the soft undercoat.[ strippingknives.com, Grooming] Schnauzers shed less often than most dogs.
Health
Schnauzers are prone to hepatobiliary disease. One study found the schnauzer to be 8.06 times more likely to acquire a reversive hepatocelluar injury (liver damage secondary to an
endocrinopathy such as Cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism), 10.7 times more likely to acquire impaired hepatic perfusion, and 16.29 times more likely to acquire gall bladder mucocele.
