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(Sanskrit: ; IAST: ) is a Sanskrit word that can be translated as "truth" or "essence.“ In Indian religions, it refers to a kind of virtue found across them. This virtue most commonly refers to being truthful in one's thoughts, speech and action. For Yoga particularly, satya is one of five yamas, the virtuous restraint from falsehood and distortion of reality in one's expressions and actions. (1992). 9788170223733, Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170223733
has [[cognates]] in a number of diverse Indo-European languages, including the word "sooth" and "sin" in [[English|English language]], "" ("истина") in [[Russian|Russian language]], "sand" (truthful) in [[Danish|Danish language]], "sann" in [[Swedish|Swedish language]], and "" in [[Avestan|Avestan language]], the liturgical language of [[Zoroastrianism]].
is a common prefix in ancient Indian literature and implies variously that which is good, true, genuine, virtuous, being, happening, real, existing, enduring, lasting, or essential; for example, means true doctrine, means one devoted to the truth. In ancient texts, fusion words based on refer to "Universal Spirit, Universal Principle, Being, Soul of the World, [[Brahman]]".(2025). 9780791452745, SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791452745
The negation of is , that is delusion, distorted, untrue, the fleeting impression that is incorrect, invalid, and false. The concepts of and are famously expressed in the Pavamana Mantra found in the (1.3.28):
is one of the three characteristics of [[Brahman]] as described in . This association between , 'truth', and , ultimate reality, is also expressed in Hindu cosmology, wherein , the highest heaven of [[Hindu cosmology]], is the abode of .
is a central theme in the [[Vedas]]. It is equated with and considered necessary to the concept (ऋतं, )—that which is properly joined, order, rule, nature, balance, harmony.(2025). 9781577311218, New World Library. ISBN 9781577311218results from in the Vedas, as it regulates and enables the operation of the universe and everything within it. is considered essential, and without it, the universe and reality falls apart, cannot function.
In Rigveda, opposed to and are and (falsehood). Truth and truthfulness is considered as a form of reverence for the divine, while falsehood a form of sin. includes action and speech that is factual, real, true, and reverent to in Books 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 of Rigveda. However, isn't merely about one's past that is in context in the Vedas, it has one's current and one's future contexts as well. states, that in Rigveda, " is the modality of acting in the world of , as the truth to be built, formed or established".
Taittiriya Upanishad's hymn 11.11 states, "Speak the (truth), conduct yourself according to the (morality, ethics, law)".
Truth is sought, praised in the hymns of Upanishads, held as one that ultimately, always prevails. The Mundaka Upanishad, for example, states in Book 3, Chapter 1,
Sandilya Upanishad of Atharvaveda, in Chapter 1, includes ten forbearancesPatanjali states five restraints, rather than ten. The complete list of ten forbearances in Sandilya Upanishad are, in the order they are listed in original Upanishad manuscript: , , , , , , , , , and as virtues, in its exposition of Yoga. It defines as "the speaking of the truth that conduces to the well being of creatures, through the actions of one's mind, speech, or body."
Paul Deussen states that is described in the major Upanishads with two layers of meanings—one as empirical truth about reality, another as abstract truth about universal principle, being, and the unchanging. Both of these ideas are explained in early Upanishads, composed before , by variously breaking the word or into two or three syllables. In later Upanishads, the ideas evolve and transcend into as truth (or truthfulness), and as the Being, Be-ness, real Self, the eternal.
The Epic repeatedly emphasizes that is a basic virtue, because everything and everyone depends on and relies on .
According to the Jain text Sarvārthasiddhi: "that which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable, whether it refers to actual facts or not".
According to the Jain text Puruşārthasiddhyupāya:
'The Four Noble Truths' () are the briefest synthesis of the entire teaching of Buddhism, since all those manifold doctrines of the threefold Pali canon are, without any exception, included therein. They are the truth of suffering (mundane mental and physical phenomenon), of the origin of suffering (, craving), of the extinction of suffering ( or ), and of the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the extinction of suffering (the eight supra-mundane mind factors).
Upanishads
is widely discussed in various [[Upanishads]], including the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad where is called the means to [[Brahman]], as well as Brahman (Being, true self). In hymn 1.4.14 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, ''Satya'' (truth) is equated to [[Dharma]] (morality, ethics, law of righteousness), as
Epics
The Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata states, "The righteous hold that forgiveness, truth, sincerity, and compassion are the foremost (of all virtues). Truth is the essence of the Vedas."
Yoga Sutras
In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, it is written, “When one is firmly established in speaking truth, the fruits of action become subservient to him." In Yoga sutra, is one of the five , or virtuous restraints, along with (restraint from violence or injury to any living being); (restraint from stealing); (celibacy or restraint from sexually cheating on one's partner); and (restraint from covetousness and craving). Patanjali considers as a restraint from falsehood in one's action (body), words (speech, writing), or feelings / thoughts (mind). In Patanjali's teachings, one may not always know the truth or the whole truth, but one knows if one is creating, sustaining, or expressing falsehood, exaggeration, distortion, fabrication, or deception. is, in Patanjali's Yoga, the virtue of restraint from such falsehood, either through silence or through stating the truth without any form of distortion.
Jainism
is one of the five vows prescribed in [[Jain Agamas]]. was also preached by [[Mahavira]]. According to Jainism, not to lie or speak what is not commendable. The underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore, it is said to cause (injury).
Buddhism
The term (Pali: ) is translated into English as "reality" or "truth." In terms of the Four Noble Truths (), the Pali can be written as , , , and .
Sikhism
Sat or truthfulness is one of the 5 virtues in Sikhism.
Indian emblem motto
The motto of the republic of India's emblem is Satyameva Jayate which is literally translated as 'Truth alone triumphs'.
See also
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