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Sarnath (also known as Deer Park,Maps of India, "History: The Mesmeric Deer Park of Sarnath", 16 September 2013Subham Mangsingka, "Deer Park", Times of India, 11 January 2017 Sarangnath, Isipatana Deer Park, Rishipattana, Migadaya, or Mrigadava)Gabe Hiemstra, "Buddha Chronicle 24: Kassapa Buddhavaṃsa". Wisdom Library, 14 September 2019. is a town northeast of , in , India. As the Lalitavistara sutra states, the chose "Deer Park by the Hill of the Fallen Sages, outside of Varanasi" for his first teaching after he attained enlightenmentSamye Translations, "Sarnath: The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", Nekhor: Circling the Sacred in . The teaching is entitled Dhammacakkappavattana sutra. Sarnath is one of the eight most important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists, and has been nominated to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site."Sarnath struggles for recognition as heritage bid gathers dust", The Times of India, 19 April 2024

Sarnath is where Gautama Buddha's first convened, when he gave the first teaching to his original five disciples , , Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama, known as The First Turning of the Wheel of Dharma. This teaching occurred circa 528  when the Buddha was approximately 35 years of age.

The buddha before Gautama Buddha is , who was born in Sarnath to where he returned and joined his sangha of men and women in order to give his first teaching.

Several sources state that the name Sarnath is derived from Saranganath, which translates to 'Lord of the Deer'. According to Buddhist history, during the local king's hunting trip, a male deer (buck) offered to sacrifice himself to save the life of a female deer (doe) that the king was aiming to kill. Impressed, the king then declared his park would thereafter be a deer sanctuary.Khenpo Sonam Tsering, The Great Pilgrimage Sites in India, 2021Varanasi on Line, "Sarnath"

According to the Mahaparinibbana sutra that is 16 of the Digha Nikaya, the Buddha mentioned Sarnath as one of the four pilgrimage sites his devout followers should visit and look upon with feelings of reverence. The other three sites are , the birthplace of the Buddha; , where Buddha achieved enlightenment; and, , where the Buddha attained .

Sarnath is located northeast of Varanasi near the confluence of the and the rivers.

Etymology
The name Sarnath derives from the word (or Sārangnāth in ), which translates to 'Lord of the Deer' in English. The name refers to an ancient Buddhist legend, in which the was a deer and offered his life to a king instead of the doe the king was planning to kill.

The king was so moved that he created the park as a deer sanctuary. The term for deer park is in Sanskrit, or Miga-dāya in Pali.

Isipatana is another name used to refer to Sarnath in Pali, the language of the . This name corresponds to in Sanskrit. The terms isi (Pali) and (Sanskrit) refer to an accomplished and enlightened person. Isipatana and therefore translate to "the place where holy men descended", or "the hill of the fallen sages".

History
5th century BCE – 6th century CE
Buddhism flourished in Sarnath during the second urbanisation, , from the time of the through the and periods, in part because of patronage from kings and wealthy merchants based in . By the 3rd century CE, Sarnath had become an important centre for the Sammatiya school of Buddhism, one of the early Buddhist schools, as well as for art and architecture.

However, the presence of images of and Tara indicate that Buddhism was also practised there. Images of such as and were also found at the site, while a was located very close to the .

Buddhism further expanded in India during the (4th to 6th centuries) period. was a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled extensively throughout northern India from 400 to 411 CE. In his description of Sarnath, he mentioned seeing four large towers and two viharas with monks residing in them.

6th – 8th centuries CE
The influence of Buddhism continued to grow during the Later Gupta (6th–8th centuries). When visited Sarnath around 640 CE, he reported seeing hundreds of small shrines and votive stupas, and a vihara some in height containing a large statue of the Buddha. Xuanzang also wrote that "There are about 1500 priests here, who study the according to the Sammatiya school. In his writings, Xuanzang mentioned a pillar constructed by Ashoka near a stupa that marked the location where the Buddha set in motion.

8th – 12th centuries CE
During the (8th–11th centuries) period, the rulers built new such as , Somapura, Jagaddala, and and patronised existing ones such as and Sarnath. During this time, Buddhist pilgrims and monks from all over Asia travelled to Sarnath to meditate and study. The Palas were the last major Buddhist dynasty to rule in the Indian subcontinent. They were replaced by the Gahadavala dynasty, whose capital was located at Varanasi.

Although the Gahadavala kings were Hindu, they were tolerant of Buddhism. Inscriptions unearthed at Sarnath in the early 20th century indicate that some of the monasteries there enjoyed royal patronage from the Gahadavala rulers. For example, in a mid-12th-century inscription attributed to Queen Kumaradevi (consort of King Govindachandra) and member of the Pithipati dynasty of Bodh Gaya. She takes credit for the construction or restoration of a living quarters for monks.

It is widely asserted that the structure referred to in the Kumaradevi inscription is the Dharma Chakra Jina Vihar, but the evidence for this is inconclusive. Whatever the case, it is likely to be among the last structures to be built at Sarnath prior to its destruction in 1194. The inscription, excavated at Sarnath in March 1908, is currently maintained at the .

Late 12th century: the destruction of Sarnath
Along with Sarnath, the most important Buddhist in India were , , and , all located in present-day . All four of these centres of learning continued to thrive throughout the 12th century, probably because of the protection, support and tolerance demonstrated by the Pala and Gahadavala rulers. For example, the mentions that King Govindachandra had protected Varanasi from invasions by the which the inscription refers to as Turushkas in the early to mid-12th century. Apart from , Buddhism had been declining throughout the Indian subcontinent and had virtually disappeared by the 11th century.

Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent in the late 12th century brought massive plunder and destruction to northern India. Most notable among these were the Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor, the ruler from , which is in present-day Afghanistan. Qutb ud-Din Aibak — the commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army — led his men from Ghazni to Varanasi and Sarnath in 1194 CE. Quote: "In the winter of A.D. 1194-1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the Doab. Rai Jai Chand moved forward to meet him and came face to face with Qutbuddin Aibek, who was leading the vanguard of the invading army.... Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Banares, where he converted about a thousand idol-temples into houses for the Musalmans". Quote: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed". (c. 1170–1194 CE) was the reigning Gahadavala dynasty king at that time and was killed during the Battle of Chandawar. Quote: "Jaichandra was defeated and killed by Muhammad Ghauri at Chanwar (40 kilometers east of Agra) in 1193". Virtually everything of value in Varanasi and Sarnath was destroyed or plundered.

Qutbuddin Aibek reportedly carted away some 1400 camel loads of treasure. According to the 13th-century Persian historian , "nearly 1000 temples were destroyed and mosques were raised on their foundations, the Rais and chiefs of Hind came forward to proffer their allegiance to".

While Qutbuddin Aibek destroyed Sarnath, it was the troops of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji—another of Muhammad of Ghor's slave generals—that continued to destroy sites sacred to Buddhists. They destroyed Vikramashila in 1193, Odantapuri in 1197, and Nalanda in 1200. The Buddhists who survived in northern India fled to , , , or . By the end of the 12th century, Buddhist monastic centers and their vast libraries had nearly disappeared from the Indian subcontinent.

However, according to some scholars, fresh re-assessments of evidence from archaeology in addition to historical records have disputed this view of Muslim invasions as the major cause of the decline of Buddhism in India or the destruction of such Buddhist sites as Sarnath — arguing, instead, "that hostility toward Buddhists resulted in the destruction of Sarnath and other sites". According to archaeologist : "Contrary to what is usually believed, the great monasteries of Gangetic India, from Sarnath to Vikramaśīla, from Odantapurī to Nālandā, were not destroyed by the Muslims, but appropriated and transformed by the Brahmans with only the occasional intervention of the Muslim forces". According to Verardi, "orthodox" Brahmins — who had been gaining in power and influence during the Gahadavala and dynasties, the rival Hindu-revivalist dynasties of northern/eastern India — "accepted Muslim rule in exchange for the extirpation of Buddhism and the repression of the social sectors in revolt." Archaeologist Federica Barba writes that the Gahadavalas built large in traditional Buddhist sites such as Sarnath, and converted Buddhist shrines into Brahmanical ones: Evidence indicates that Buddhists had been expelled from Sarnath during the mid 12th-century, under the Gahadavala rule, and it already was in the process of being converted to a large compound before Muslim invaders arrived.

(2026). 9788173049286, Manohar Publishers & Distributors. .

18th century: rediscovery and looting
Very few Buddhists remained in India after their persecution and expulsion at the end of the 12th century by the Ghurids. Buddhists from Tibet, Burma, and Southeast Asia continued to make pilgrimages to South Asia from the 13th to the 17th centuries, but their most common destination was and not Sarnath. Sarnath continued to be a place of pilgrimage for Jains, however. A 17th-century written in 1612 CE (the Tirthakalpa, by Jinaprabha Suri) describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as being located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called dharmeksā. This Sanskrit word translates to "pondering of the law", and clearly refers to the Dhamek Stupa.

India experienced an increase in visitation by European people in the late 18th century. In 1778, became possibly the first British landscape painter to visit India. While there, he made careful observations of the art and architecture he encountered. He published an illustrated book about his travels in India in 1794. In his book, he described mosques and other Islamic architecture, Hindu temples, and . Hodges also briefly described the , although he mistook it to be a ruined Hindu temple. Quote: "Surrounding the city are many ruins of buildings, the effects of Mahomedan intolerance. One is a large circular edifice, having evidently been a Hindoo temple, or part of one; there are still vestiges of some of the ornaments; and on one part I found the Grecian scroll".

In what is the first incontrovertible modern reference to the ruins at Sarnath, Jonathan Duncan (a charter member of the Asiatic Society and later Governor of Bombay) described the discovery of a green marble encased in a sandstone box in the relic chamber of a brick stupa at that location. The reliquary was discovered in January 1794, during the dismantling of a stupa (referred to by Alexander Cunningham as stupa "K" or the "Jagat Singh stupa", later identified as the Dharmarajika Stupa) by employees of Jagat Singh (the of Maharaja Chait Singh, the ). Duncan published his observations in 1799.

The reliquary contained a few bones and some pearls, which were subsequently thrown into the . The reliquary itself has also disappeared, although the outer sandstone box was replaced in the relic chamber, where it was rediscovered by Cunningham in 1835. The bricks of the stupa were hauled off and used for the construction of the market in , Varanasi. Jagat Singh and his crew also removed a large part of the facing of the Dhamek Stupa, and removed several Buddha statues which he retained at his house in Jagatganj.

19th century: more looting and early archeological excavations
The next modern description of Sarnath was by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, who visited the site around 1813. He drew a crude map of the site—which he called Buddha Kashi—at that time. was an officer in the British East India Company who later became the first Surveyor General of India. Visiting Sarnath in 1815, he was the first to describe a dedicated exploration of the ruins. Throughout the early 19th century, amateur archeologists explored and excavated at Sarnath, removing antiquities, and several artists drew sketches of the site (especially of the Dhamek Stupa).

In 1835–1836, a 21-year-old British Army engineer with the Bengal Engineer Group named Alexander Cunningham conducted the first systematic archaeological excavations at Sarnath. He had carefully studied the writings of and , two Chinese Buddhist monks who travelled extensively throughout northern India in the early 5th and early 7th centuries, respectively. Based on their writings and those of Duncan, he conducted some careful measurements and excavations at Sarnath in 1835–1836. During the course of these excavations, Cunningham discovered and removed many statues from monastery "L" and temple "M", as well as the sandstone box reported by Duncan from the Dharmarajika Stupa. He presented these items to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and they are now located in the Indian Museum in Kolkata. By 1836, Cunningham had conclusively identified Sarnath as the location of the Buddha's first sermon. In 1861, Cunningham became the founder and first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.

In 1851–1852, Markham Kittoe (1808–1853) conducted further excavations at Sarnath. Kittoe noted the presence of four stupas at Sarnath and excavated a structure he described as a hospital, which was located roughly midway between the Dhamek and Jagat Singh stupas. He also recovered a seated Buddha statue from Jagat Singh's house and transcribed its inscription. In his writings, Kittoe speculated that Sarnath was destroyed as a result of a great fire.

Sometime in the mid-19th century, Sarnath was subjected to further depredations, as 48 statues and a tremendous amount of bricks and stones were removed from the historic site to be used in the construction of two bridges over the . Quote: "...in the erection of the bridges over the river Barna, forty-eight statues and other sculptured stones were removed from Sarnath and thrown into the river, to serve as a breakwater to the piers; and that, in the erection of the second bridge, the iron one, from fifty to sixty cart-loads of stones from the Sarnath buildings were employed". A final instance of despoilation occurred around 1898, when many bricks and stones were removed from Sarnath and used as ballast for a narrow-gauge railway that was under construction at that time.

20th century: extensive excavations and restoration
Friedrich Oertel conducted extensive excavations in 1904–1905. His team focused on the area near stupa "J" (the ), stupa "K" ("Jagat Singh stupa", now known as the Dharmarajika Stupa), monastery "L", temple "M", hospital "N", monastery "O", and the Ashokan pillar. In March 1905, the team exhumed parts of the base and shaft of the pillar with its Edict, lion capital, and remnants of the sculpture. Dating to c. 241-233 BCE, these are the oldest and most important relics discovered at Sarnath thus far. J. Ph. Vogel translated the inscription—which was written in the of the -and tentatively dated it to 249 BCE.

Present day
According to the Mahaparinibbana Sutta ( 16 of the Digha Nikaya), the Buddha mentioned Sarnath as one of the four places of pilgrimage his devout followers should visit and look upon with feelings of reverence. During the British East India's colonial rule, ancient sites such as Sarnath were subjected to extensive archaeological study. Certain levels of restoration occurred decades later.

Consequently, Sarnath has regained its former status as a place of pilgrimage, both for Buddhists and Jains. In 1998, Sarnath was nominated for inclusion on the (UNESCO) list of World Heritage Sites of outstanding universal value to cultural heritage. The nomination comprises two groups of monuments: group "A" is represented by the , while all other monuments (e.g., temples, stupas, monasteries, and the pillar of Ashoka) are included as part of group "B".

The sites of the greatest importance to Buddhist pilgrims include:

  • The is considered to mark the location of the Buddha's first teaching. Scholars believe that the name of the stupa might be a combination of the words 'Dharma Chakra', which means Turning the Wheel of Dharma. A reliquary stupa was built on the site after the Buddha's passing, and then likely modified by Ashoka who in 249 BCE was recorded as changing the stupa"Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath" Https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/< /ref> while he was gathering and redistributing the Buddha's relics. Its inner chambers had held reliquaries. It is an impressive structure, high and in diameter.
  • The Dharmarajika Stupa is one of the few pre-Ashokan stupas remaining at Sarnath, although only the foundations remain. It has been the subject of extensive depredations and archaeological excavations, from the late 18th through the early 20th century.
  • The Ashokan pillar erected here was broken during the invasions of the 12th century but many of the pieces remain at the original location. The pillar was originally surmounted by the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which in turn served as the base of a large 32-spoke sandstone . The lion capital and the wheel of dharma, presently on display at the , now symbolize the modern state of India. Both of these appear on the emblem of the Supreme Court of India, Quote: "A slightly different (32-spoke) version of the same wheel adorns the logo of the Supreme Court of India as a visual declaration of righteousness, authority and truth....". and the wheel of dharma is incorporated in the flag of India.
  • The ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuty Vihara mark the place where the Buddha spent his first rainy season. This was the main temple later marked by the presence of the Ashokan pillar at the front. The fifth-century CE sandstone sculpture of Buddha Preaching his First Sermon was found in the vicinity. The contemporary Mulagandha Kuty Vihara, dating from the 1930s, currently holds the bone relics of the Buddha.
  • The Dharma Chakra Jina Vihar, a massive monastery and living quarters for monks believed to have been constructed or restored in the mid-12th century at the behest of Kumaradevi, a wife of Govindachandra (c. 1114–1155 CE).
  • The , located outside of Deer Park, commemorates the place where the Buddha reunited his first five disciples , , Bhaddiya, Vappa, and Mahanama. It is capped with an octagonal brick tower that was erected as a memorial to by his son in 1588 CE.
  • The Sarnath Archeological Museum houses the famous Lion Capital of Ashoka, which survived a drop to the ground from the top of the Ashokan pillar, and became the State Emblem of India and national symbol on the flag of India. The museum also houses the original fifth-century CE sandstone sculpture of Buddha Preaching his First Sermon, as well as the Kumaradevi inscription.

Modern places of worship
In addition to the archaeological ruins, there are a number of other pilgrimage sites and places of worship in Sarnath. Among these are included:
  • The modern Mulagandha Kuty Vihara is a temple constructed by the Maha Bodhi Society; it was opened to the public in 1931. Wealthy Hawaiian philanthropist and benefactor Mary Robinson Foster provided much of the financial support for this project, while Anagarika Dharmapala supervised its construction. Dharmapala was a Buddhist monk who was instrumental in the revival of Buddhism in India after it had been virtually extinct in that country for seven centuries. The temple contains a gilded replica of a 5th-century CE sculpture of Buddha Preaching his First Sermon. Its interior walls are extensively decorated with by Japanese artist Kosetsu Nosu (1885–1973), depicting important events in the life of the Buddha.
  • Anagarika Dharmapala Museum & offices of the Maha Bodhi Society, located on Dharmapala Road, just south of the modern Mulagandha Kuty Vihara
  • A standing Buddha statue, in height, inspired by the Buddhas of Bamiyan, is located on the grounds of the Thai temple and monastery at Sarnath. Construction began in 1997, and the statue was finally unveiled in 2011.
  • A number of countries and regions in which Buddhism is a major religion (such as Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam) have established temples and monasteries in Sarnath in the style that is typical for their respective cultures, so visitors can gain insight into Buddhism from the perspectives of many different cultures.
  • A planted by Anagarika Dharmapala which has grown from a cutting of the one at Bodh Gaya
  • Padmasambhava Buddhist Center: Padma Samye Chokhor Ling Monastery, Orgyen Samye Chokhor Ling Nunnery, Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche Stupa
  • Vajra Vidya Institute for Higher Buddhist Studies
  • Garden of Spiritual Wisdom, located on the grounds of the

As a Jain pilgrimage site
Singhpur (Simhapuri), a village approximately northwest of Sarnath, is believed to be the birthplace of , the 11th of . It is also the place where four of the of Shreyansanatha took place. According to , the fifth auspicious life event is the attainment of moksha. Shreyansanatha was among the twenty Jain tirthankaras who attained moksha in .

Sarnath has been an important pilgrimage site for Jains for centuries. A 17th-century manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as being located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called dharmeksā. This Sanskrit word translates to "pondering of the law", and clearly refers to the Dhamek Stupa. The current edifice—Sarnath Jain Tirth (also known as the Shri Digamber Jain Temple or Shreyanshnath Jain Temple)—was constructed in 1824. Located only about southwest of the Dhamek Stupa, this temple is dedicated to Shreyansanatha. The main deity of this temple is a blue-coloured statue of Shreyansanatha, in height, in the .

Other tourist attractions
Tourist attractions unrelated to Buddhism and spirituality in Sarnath include the Sarnath Deer Park and Fish Canal, and the Sarnath Turtle Breeding and Rehabilitation Centre.

Tourist arrival in Sarnath

In English literature
In her 1832 poetical illustration , to a picture by , Letitia Elizabeth Landon compared the four major religions of the world and mentioned the persecution and subsequent expulsion of the Buddhists from India.

Sarnath is one of the locations of 1901 novel Kim. Teshoo Lama stays at the "Temple of the Tirthankhers" in Sarnath when not on his pilgrimages.

"The Nameless City" is a fictional published in 1921 by H. P. Lovecraft. When the narrator of this story sees the ruins of the Nameless City, he "thought of Sarnath the Doomed, that stood in the land of Mnar when mankind was young, and of Ib, that was carven of grey stone before mankind existed." Lovecraft had previously described the fictional city of Sarnath in his 1920 story "The Doom That Came to Sarnath".

Gallery
File:2015.207530.Archaeological-Survey 0099.jpg|Plan of excavations at Sarnath, with sites labelled using Alexander Cunningham's terminology (1835) File:Sarnath - Plan of Excavations.jpg|Plan of excavations at Sarnath, with sites labelled using contemporary English terminology File:Sarnath excavation site 1907 (2).jpg|View of Sarnath during archaeological excavations, 1907. Camera angle from the ruins of the ancient Mulagandha Kuty Vihara towards the ; the Sri Digamber Jain temple can be seen on the right side of the photograph. File:Sarnath Buddha statue inside a votive stupa.jpg|Buddha statue inside a votive stupa at Sarnath File:Buddha in Sarnath.jpg|The Lion Capital of Ashoka, the Buddha Preaching his First Sermon sculpture, and the Ashokan pillar, along with other antiquities as they appeared upon their exhumation at Sarnath on 15 March 1905 (photograph by F. O. Oertel). File:Sarnath capital.jpg|The Lion Capital of Ashoka and national emblem of India, now located in the , as it appeared in 2011 File:Dharmarajika Stupa.JPG|Dharmarajika Stupa, from the pre-Ashokan period, as it appeared in 2007 File:Sarnath pillar stump and the parts.jpg|Pieces of the pillar of Ashoka at Sarnath, as they appeared in 2016, protected behind a glass enclosure File:Brahmi pillar inscription in Sarnath.jpg| inscription on the main pillar of Ashoka at Sarnath File:Mauryan head from Sarnath.jpg|Greco-Persian sculpture of the head of a West Asian foreigner from the , Sarnath Museum File:Sarnath Mauryan capital.jpg|Perso-Ionic capital of the Mauryan period, excavated at Sarnath File:Sarnath capital with elephant.jpg|Opposite side of the same capital, excavated at Sarnath, depicting an elephant File:Bala_Bodhisattva_with_shaft_and_umbrella.jpg|The , an important statue for dating Indian art, was discovered at Sarnath. The statue was dedicated in "the year 3 of " (circa 129 CE). File:Digamber Jain Temple, Sarnath.jpg|Exterior of the Sri Digamber Jain temple at Sarnath File:Interior of the Jain Temple dedicated to Shreyansanath, the eleventh Jain Tirthankar, Sarnath.jpg|Interior of the Sri Digamber Jain temple at Sarnath File:A Buddhist temple at Sarnath.jpg|The modern Mulagandha Kuty Vihara, a Buddhist temple constructed by the Maha Bodhi Society at Sarnath File:1 Sarnath Temple Buddhism Le Mulagandhakuti Vihāra Sârnâth Varanasi India 2013.jpg|A replica of the Buddha Preaching his First Sermon sculpture, located in the modern Mulagandha Kuty Vihara File:India-5130 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg|Fresco in the modern Mulagandha Kuty Vihara, by Japanese artist Kosetsu Nosu depicting the Maras attempting to distract the Buddha from gaining enlightenment File:Sarnath tibetan temple 1.jpg|Temple and monastery of the Tibetan community in Sarnath File:Thai Temple Sarnath Varanasi.jpg|Seated statue of the Buddha, with standing Buddha statue in the background, on the grounds of the Thai temple and monastery at Sarnath

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