Rostam or Rustam ( ) is a legendary hero in Persian mythology, the son of Zāl and Rudaba, whose life and work was immortalized by the 10th-century Persian poet Ferdowsi in the Shahnameh, or Epic of Kings, which contains pre-Islamic Iranian folklore and history. However, the roots of the narrative date much earlier.
In the Shahnameh, Rostam and his predecessors are of Sistan (present-day Iran and Afghanistan). Rostam is best known for his tragic fight with Esfandiyār, the other legendary Iranian hero; for his expedition to Mazandaran (not to be confused with the modern Mazandaran Province). He is also known for the story of his Seven Labours.
Rostam was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins (holy warriors), and the atmosphere of the episodes in which he features is strongly reminiscent of the Parthian Empire.
He rides the legendary stallion Rakhsh and wears a special suit named Babr-e Bayan in battles.
Origins
While the narrative of the
Shahname is the definitive work on Rostam, Ferdowsi did not invent the character; Rostam stories were popular as far back as the seventh century in Pars and originated much earlier, likely in Eastern Iranian-speaking territories.
He famously wears the zīn-i palang or "panther-skin garment":
Background
In the
Shahnameh, Rostam is a native of
Zabulistan, a historical region roughly corresponding to today's
Zabul Province, southern
Afghanistan. His mother Rudaba was a princess of
Kabul. Rostam is the champion of champions and is involved in numerous stories, constituting some of the most popular (and arguably some of most masterfully created) parts of the
Shahnameh. In
Shahnameh, Rostam—like his grandfather Sam—works as both a faithful military general as well as king-maker for the
Kayanian dynasty of Persia.
As a young child, he slays the maddened white elephant of the king Manuchehr with just one blow of the mace owned by his grandfather Sam, son of Nariman. He then tames his legendary stallion, Rakhsh.
The etymology of Rostam's name is from Common Iranian "*rautas-taxma-, "'river-strong', i.e. 'as strong as a river',
Birth and early life
Rostam's mother Rudaba, the princess of Kabul, was known for her peerless beauty, and Rostam's father was Zāl. Zāl was one of Persia's most powerful warriors and a great general who conquered many rebellious tribes and ruled over Zabulistan. Zāl was known for his wisdom and was unparalleled in riding and fighting on horseback. He once demonstrated his skills to Emperor Manuchehr to seek his approval to marry his lover Rudaba.
In Persian mythology, Rudaba's labour in giving birth to Rostam was prolonged due to the extraordinary size of her baby - so much so that Zāl, her lover and husband, felt sure that his wife would die in labour. Rudaba was indeed near death when Zāl decided to summon the Simurgh, which duly appeared and instructed him upon how to perform a Rostamzad, a Caesarean section, thus saving both Rudaba and the child.
After Zāl's father, Sam, learned of his grandchild's birth, he rushed to see Rostam and was overjoyed. Rostam was brought up and trained by Zāl in warfare. When Rostam single-handedly slew a mad elephant, his father sent him on his first military assignment.
Rostam's task was to conquer the fortress on the summit of Mt Sipand where his great grandfather, Nariman, once besieged it and was slain in the battle. Rostam breached the fortress, defeated the enemy, ransacked its treasury and reported his success to his father, Zāl, and grandfather, Sam.
Haft Khan
He undertakes a heroic journey to save his sovereign, the over-confident Kay Kāvus who is captured by the Divs of Mazandaran. This journey is called "Rostam's Seven Quests".
There are some similarities between the legends of Rostam and those pertaining to the great Irish hero Cú Chulainn. They both defeat a ferocious beast as a young man, slay their sons in combat ("Rostam and Sohrab", a motif also found in the Hildebrandslied), are virtually invincible in combat, and are murdered by treachery while killing their murderer on their last breath.[Connell Monette, The Medieval Hero: Christian and Muslim Traditions. (Saarsbruck: 2008).]
Two Persian heroes, Rostam and Esfandiyār, share stories with the Labours of Hercules.[Connell Monette, The Medieval Hero: Christian and Muslim Traditions. (Saarsbruck: 2008), pp. 227-28.]
Alternate views
It is written by the Royal Central Asian Society in the
Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society that the struggle between Rostam and the
Div-e Sepid "White Demon" represents a struggle between Persians and invaders from the
Northern Iran.
[ Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society By Royal Central Asian Society]
Death
In Shahnameh, the life spans of the heroes who are from the generation of Sām (Rostam's grandfather) are described as being very long, and that of Rostam fits this pattern: he has reached the age of six hundred at the time of his violent demise (dying at the hand of his envious half-brother Shaghad, who kills him by throwing him into a well full of poisoned spears). In this incident, Rostam's faithful steed Rakhsh and the hero's brother,
Zavara are also killed.
Descent and other relations
With
Tahmineh, princess of Samangan, Rostam had a son called
Sohrab, who was killed accidentally by his father in the time of
Kay Kavus. In Banu Goshasp Nama Rostam later had a daughter called
Banu Goshasp, who had a full brother called
Faramarz, and both became renowned heroes in Turan and India. Goshasp, through her marriage with
Shahnameh had a son, Bijan.
Rostam had also a half brother called Shaghad, who was always jealous of him and provoked his death.
Just as famous as Rostam was his horse Rakhsh, which had an incredibly long life like Rostam, due to divine protection, and died at the same time as Rostam.
Historical basis
Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of
Gondophares represented the House of Suren, highest of the five premier families of
Parthian Empire, invested with the hereditary right of
Spahbed, and placing the crown on the king's head at the coronation. Probably when around 129 BCE, nomad peoples, especially the
Indo-Scythians (
Sacaraucae,
Old Persian Sakaravaka "nomadic
Saka” or Saraucae) and the
Tocharians attacked the eastern frontier of
Parthia, defense was entrusted by the Parthian emperors to the Surens; and the latter eventually not only repelled the Indo-Scythians, but pursued them into
Arachosia and the
Punjab, this event probably representing
interitus Saraucarum ( the perishing of the Sacaraucae) of Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus (Prologue 42).
Echoes of these events are preserved in the legends of the Sistān cycle, partly incorporated in the Shahnameh, but once also surviving as independent epics, such as the Garshaspname mentioned in the Tarikh-i Sistan, and the Ketāb al-Sakisarān cited by al-Masudi. These related the deeds of the hero Garshasp and his descendants, Narimān, Sām, Zāl or Dastān, and above all of the latter's son Rostam. It is difficult to relate the Indo-Parthian names known from coins and history to those of the epic, which are possibly honorific titles, since a recently reported silver coin describes Gondophares (spelt in Greek script Hyndopharres) as surnamed Sām. A single ruler may of course have received more than one such title, and the historical names may be repeated in succeeding generations.
Family tree
Gallery
Mughal era manuscripts depicting Rostam's seven labours and other feats:
In popular and traditional culture
The word 'Rustam' is synonymous with physical prowess, especially for wrestlers in Persian, Urdu, Hindi and Persianate cultures generally. For example, The Great Gama was popularly referred to as
Rustam-e-Hind, or "Rustam of India".
Rustam remains a popular name in Persianate cultures from Turkey to India.
In Afghanistan, there is a Dari language proverb, "“Rostam’s name is better than Rostam.” Edward Zellem explained, “This proverb is used when a person’s name or reputation is better than his actual abilities”.[p. 161. Zellem, Edward. 2015. Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs, 3rd ed. Cultures Direct Press. 2015
]
See also
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Shahnameh
-
List of Shahnameh characters
-
Rostam and Sohrab
-
Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār
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Rostam and Shaghad
-
Rostam's Seven Labours
-
Zal and Rudabeh
-
Garshaspname
-
Banu Goshasp
-
Naqsh-e Rostam
-
Rostami (place)
-
Rostami (surname)
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The Knight in the Panther's Skin
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Nadr ibn al-Harith - Contemporary of Muhammad, told stories about Rostam and Esfandiyar.
Sources
External links
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Shahnameh, by Hakim Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi Tusi, the complete work (64 Epics), in Persian ( ParsTech ). This work can be freely downloaded (File size, compiled in the form of an HTML help file: 1.4 MB).
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Iraj Bashiri, Characters of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Iran Chamber Society, 2003.
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Shahnameh, English translation by Helen Zimmern.
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Shahnameh. Helen Zimmern translation.
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Shahnameh, Arthur and Edmond Warner translation.
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New Translation of 'Persian Book of Kings' - March, 2006 from NPR, and "The Epic of Iran" - April, 2006, from The New York Times. Also, on 14 May 2006, Washington Post Pulitzer Prize winning book critic Michael Dirda reviewed Dick Davis's translation "Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings" "This marvelous translation of an ancient Persian classic brings these stories alive for a new audience". The illustrated three-volume slipcase edition of this translation is .
- Persian sources
