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Riprap (in North American English), also known as rip rap, rip-rap, shot rock, rock armour (in British English) or rubble, is human-placed rock or other material used to protect shoreline structures against Bridge scour and water, wave, or ice erosion. (2025). 9780727730428, T. Telford. ISBN 9780727730428 Riprap is used to armor , streambeds, bridge Abutment, foundational infrastructure supports and other shoreline structures against erosion. Common rock types used include granite and modular concrete blocks. Rubble from building and paving demolition is sometimes used, as well as specifically designed structures called tetrapods or similar concrete blocks.
Riprap is also used underwater to cap immersed tubes sunken on the seabed to be joined into an undersea tunnel.
The usage of riprap may not even stop erosion, but simply move it downstream. Additionally, the soil beneath the riprap can be eroded if the rock was just placed on top without any buffer between the layers such as a geotextile fabric or smaller riprap (crushed stone).
Introducing ripraps creates a rocky environment that can affect a waterbody's ecology by making the ecosystem more heterogeneous. While it can negatively affect some Organism by removing shoreline vegetation, the rock can provide important refuge for Invertebrate and small fish. By preventing woody plants from growing and shading the water, riprap can also increase the amount of algae and Aquatic plant.
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