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The Qinling () or Qin Mountains, formerly known as the Nanshan ("Southern Mountains"), are a major east–west mountain range in southern Shaanxi Province, China. The mountains mark the drainage divide between the of the Yangtze and Yellow River systems, providing a natural boundary between North and South China and support a huge variety of plant and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on earth.
To the north is the densely populated Wei River valley, an ancient center of Chinese civilization. To the south is the Han River valley. To the west is the line of mountains along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. To the east are the lower Funiu Mountains and Daba Mountains, which rise out of the coastal plain.
The northern side of the range is prone to hot weather, the rain shadow cast by the physical barrier of the mountains dictating that the land to the north has a semi-arid climate, and is consequently somewhat impoverished in regard to fertility and species diversity. Furthermore, the mountains have also acted in the past as a natural defense against nomadic invasions from the north, as only four passes cross the mountains. In the late 1990s a railway tunnel and a spiral were completed, thereby easing travel across the range.
The highest mountain in the range is Mount Taibai at , which is about west of the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an. Three culturally significant peaks in the range are Mount Hua (), Mount Li (), and Mount Maiji ().
The Qin Mountains form the Drainage divide of the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins; historically, the former was home to deciduous broadleaf forests, while the latter has milder winters with more rainfall, and was generally covered in warmer, temperate, evergreen broadleaf forests. Thus, the Qin Mountains are commonly used as the demarcation line between northern and southern China.
The low-elevation forests of the Qin foothills are dominated by temperate deciduous trees, like Oak ( Quercus acutissima, Q. variabilis), elm ( Ulmus spp.), Juglans regia ( Juglans regia), maple ( Acer spp.), Fraxinus ( Fraxinus spp.) and Celtis spp. Evergreen species of these low-elevation forests include broadleaf Castanopsis ( Castanopsis sclerophylla), ring-cupped oaks ( Quercus glauca), and Conifer, like Pinus massoniana.
At the middle elevations, conifers, like Pinus armandii, are mixed with broadleaf birch ( Betula spp.), oaks ( Quercus spp.), and Hornbeam ( Carpinus spp.); from about , these mid-elevation forests give way to a subalpine forest of Fir ( Abies fargesii, A. chensiensis), Cunninghamia, and birch ( Betula spp.), with Rhododendron ( Rhododendron fastigiatum) abundant in the understory.
The region is home to a large number of rare plants, of which around 3,000 have been documented. Plant and tree species native to the region include ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba—thought to be one of the oldest species of tree in the world), as well as Huashan or Armand pine ( Pinus armandii), Huashan shen ( Physochlaina infundibularis), Acer miaotaiense and Cunninghamia. Timber harvesting reached a peak in the 18th century in the Qinling Mountains.Forest and Land Management in Imperial China By Nicholas K. Menzies
The region is home to the endemic Qinling panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis), a brown-and-white subspecies of the giant panda ( A. melanoleuca), which is protected with the help of the Changqing and Foping . An estimated 250 to 280 pandas live in the region, which is thought to represent around one-fifth of the entire wild giant panda population. The Qinling Mountains are also home to many other species of wildlife, including numerous Bird, like the crested ibis, Temminck's tragopan, golden eagle, blackthroat and , as well as mammals like the Asiatic golden cat, Asiatic black bear, clouded leopard, golden takin, golden snub-nosed monkey, yellow-throated marten, and leopard.
The Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus), at , is one of the largest Amphibian in the world, and is critically endangered; it is locally pursued for food, and for use of its body parts in traditional Chinese medicine. An environmental education program is being undertaken to encourage sustainable management of wild populations in the Qin Mountains, and Captive breeding programs have also been set up.
Weapons of mass destruction
According to the US-based think tank Nuclear Information Project, China "keeps most of its nuclear warheads at a central storage facility in the Qinling mountain range, though some are kept at smaller regional storage facilities."
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