A qalam () is a type of reed pen. It is made from a cut, dried Phragmites, and used for Islamic calligraphy. The pen is seen as an important symbol of wisdom in Islam, and references the emphasis on knowledge and education within the Islamic tradition.
Etymology
The
qalam is an Arabic word derived from the root Q-L-M, meaning nail pen or wheat. This is ultimately a borrowing - perhaps, as Nöldeke thought, via Ge'ez - of the Greek
κάλαμος, meaning a reed or reed pen.
Manufacturing
The stems of hollow reeds are cut at specific angles depending on the intended script
so that they can be used for calligraphy; the type of reed used varies depending on the specific calligrapher's preferences. For example, master calligrapher
Jafar Tabrizi preferred the
wāṣeṭi and
āmuyi reeds of eastern
Iraq and the
Amu Darya, respectively.
It was desired that the
qalam should be roughly twelve to sixteen inches long, and could not be too dry as they needed to be a specific balance of sturdiness and flexibility.
Qalam in the Islamic tradition
The concepts of knowledge and writing are very important in
Islam, and thus the
qalam is revered as a symbol of wisdom and education in the
Quran; Sura68 is called
Al-Qalam. Even in pre-Islamic societies, writing was widely used for commercial and occasionally legislative purposes.
It is a commonly held belief amongst the Muslim population that disrespect of calligraphy as a tradition would reveal a person as being uneducated and unwise.
In Islam, the physical presence of the written letters of the Quran functioned the way icons did to the
Byzantine Empire, as a blessing and protection. Because of this, Islamic calligraphers often had a high place in society, while their counterparts in regions like Byzantium would only be known to their family and patrons.
Calligraphy holds a central position in the Islamic artistic tradition, and because of this there exist a large variety of accessories to accompany the
qalam and its users, such as pen boxes, ink wells, and knives for cutting the reeds. These tools were often very ornamented and cherished objects and reflected countless hours of other artists and craftsmen.
The ink used in antiquity was most frequently black or dark brown, and was made from
gum arabic,
soot,
, or
vitriol. Some Qurans, however, are written entirely in gold, and more contemporary calligraphers may use a wider variety of colors. Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla, a Persian official of the Abbasid Caliphate, developed a standardized system of writing calligraphy based on the marks made with the point of a reed pen, in combination with other geometric principles.
As far as other aspects of ornamentation go, metallic inks on colored parchment passed from Byzantium to Muslim Spain, and Arabic calligraphy in turn made its way back to Europe.
See also
-
List of pen types, brands and companies
-
Reed pen
