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Protopterus is the genus of four species of lungfish found in Africa. Protopterus is considered the monotypic in the family Protopteridae, which is grouped with Lepidosiren in the order Lepidosireniformes.
Some papers suggest grouping Protopterus and Lepidosiren together in the family Lepidosirenidae, as their Cretaceous divergence is relatively recent compared to the Carboniferous origins of other lungfish families. However, most taxonomic authorities retain them as distinct families.
African lungfish generally inhabit shallow waters, such as swamps and marshes. They are also found in larger lakes such as Lake Victoria. They can survive out of water for many months by burrowing into hardened mud beneath a dried stream bed. They are carnivorous, feeding on , aquatic insect larvae, and .
They are obligate air breathers, with reduced gills in the adults. There are two anterior that retain gills, though they are too small to function as the sole respiratory apparatus, and may be more important for carbon dioxide elimination. About 90% of their oxygen is acquired via their lungs, and the remaining ~10% via the gills and skin. The lungfish heart has adaptations that partially separate the flow of blood into its pulmonary and systemic circuits. The atrium is partially divided, so that the left side receives oxygenated blood and the right side receives deoxygenated blood from the other tissues. These two blood streams remain mostly separate as they flow through the ventricle leading to the gill arches. As a result, oxygenated blood mostly goes to the anterior gill arches and the deoxygenated blood mostly goes to the posterior arches.
African lungfishes breed at the beginning of the rainy season. They construct nests or burrows in the mud to hold their eggs, which they then guard against predators. When they hatch, the young resemble , with external gills, and only later develop lungs and begin to breathe air.
Other extinct species are known from fossil remains:
Biology
The African lungfish is an example of how the evolutionary transition from breathing water to breathing air can occur. Lungfish are periodically exposed to water with low oxygen content or encounter situations in which their aquatic environment dries up. To cope with these conditions, they have developed an adaptation in the form of an outpocketing of the gut, similar to the swim bladder found in other fishes. This specialized structure functions as a lung. Within the lung, numerous thin-walled blood vessels allow the blood to absorb oxygen from the air that is gulped into the lung.
As food
Until the introduction of the Nile perch to the region, lungfish typically comprised a small proportion of a fisherman's catch. Transportation to market from catching sites in Lake Victoria was often done with fish sun-dried for better preservation. Human consumption of the lungfish varies by population; the Luo peoples occasionally do so but the Sukuma people avoid eating lungfish due to a taste which is "locally either highly appreciated or strongly disliked."Kees (P. C.) Goudswaard, Frans Witte, Lauren J. Chapman, Decline of the African lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) in Lake Victoria (East Africa) East African Wild Life Society, African Journal of Ecology, 40, 42–52, 2002 As technology advancements such as Longline fishing and have been increasingly applied over the past 50 years, the lungfish populations there are believed to be decreasing.
Species and subspecies
The family Protopteridae and genus Protopterus contain four extant (living) species:
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