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Protoparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the Parvovirinae subfamily of the virus family Parvoviridae. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are 23 species in the genus including Protoparvovirus rodent1 for which the exemplar virus is minute virus of mice (MVM). This genus also includes canine parvovirus (CPV), which causes gastrointestinal tract damage in puppies that is about 80% fatal, and porcine parvovirus (PPV), which is a major cause of fetal death and infertility in pigs. The genus divides phylogenetically into two branches, one that contains many founder members of the family, such as MVM, CPV and PPV, which have been studied in considerable detail, and a second branch occupied exclusively by predicted viruses whose coding sequences were identified recently in the wild using virus discovery approaches, but whose biology remains minimally explored. This second branch currently contains two species whose members infect humans, called Protoparvovirus primate1 and Protoparvovirus primate3. Until 2014, the genus was called Parvovirus, but it was renamed to eliminate confusion between members of this genus and members of the entire family Parvoviridae.Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Chiorini JA, Mukha DV, Pintel DJ, Qiu J, Soderlund-Venermo M, Tattersall P, Tijssen P, Gatherer D, Davison AJ. 2014. The family Parvoviridae. Arch. Virol. 159: 1239–47.
The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:
Protoparvoviruses that infect humans were first discovered in 2012 in the feces of children from Burkina Faso, and named using the siglum bufavirus.Phan TG, Vo NP, Bonkoungou IJ, Kapoor A, Barro N, O’Ryan M, Kapusinszky B, Wang C, Delwart E. 2012. Acute diarrhea in West African children: diverse enteric viruses and a novel parvovirus genus. J Virol. 86:11024–30 Three genotypes of bufaviruses have so far been detected, circulating in Tunisia, FinlandVäisänen E, Kuisma I, Phan TG, Delwart E, Lappalainen M, Tarkka E, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. 2014. Bufavirus in feces of patients with gastroenteritis, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 20(6):1078–80. and BhutanYahiro T, Wangchuk S, Tshering K, Bandhari P, Zangmo S, Dorji T, Tshering K, Matsumoto T, Nishizono A, Söderlund-Venermo M, Ahmed K. 2014. Novel human bufavirus genotype 3 in children with severe diarrhea, Bhutan. Emerg Infect Dis. 20(6):1037–9.
A second virus in this genus that infects humans —cutavirus— was initially isolated from the feces of children with diarrhea.Phan TG, Dreno B, da Costa AC, Li L, Orlandi P, Deng X, Kapusinszky B, Siqueira J, Knol AC, Halary F, Dantal J, Alexander KA, Pesavento PA, Delwart E A new protoparvovirus in human fecal samples and cutaneous T cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides). Virology 496:299–305. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.013
A third potential human protoparvovirus —tusavirus 1— has been reported in the feces of a single human, but whether or not it is able to infect humans or was simply ingested remains to be clarified.Phan TG, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K, Pothier P, Deng X, Delwart E (2014) New parvovirus in child with unexplained diarrhea, Tunisia. Emerg Infect Dis 20(11):1911–1913. doi: 10.3201/eid2011.140428
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The capsid is thought to be made up of 60 VP proteins (), both VP1 and VP2.
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In following years a series of physically similar viruses, including H1, LuIII, minute virus of mice and tumor virus X, were extracted from cells or tissues in routine use in research laboratoriesTattersall, P. 2006. The evolution of parvovirus taxonomy. In: ‘‘The Parvoviruses’’. J. Kerr, S. F. Cotmore, M. E. Bloom, R. M. Linden, and C. R. Parrish (eds), Chap. 1, pp. 5–4. Hodder Arnold, London. and porcine parvovirus, PPV, one of the major causes of reproductive failure in swine, was isolated from infected pigs.Ren X, Tao Y, Cui J, Suo S, Cong Y, Tijssen P. 2013. Phylogeny and evolution of porcine parvovirus. Virus Research. 178:392–397. In 1971 these viruses were all recognized as part of a taxonomic genus called Parvovirus in the First Report of the newly created International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
The Second ICTV Report, published in 1976, established the family Parvoviridae, which at that time included three genera, one of which retained the name Parvovirus and contained all of the aforementioned viruses plus feline panleukopenia virus (now called feline parvovirus, abbreviated to FPV), which had been shown to cause epidemics of enteritis, panleukopenia and congenital cerebellar ataxia in domestic cats. In 1978 a virus from the same species as FPV emerged that was able to infect dogs (called canine parvovirus or CPV), which rapidly spread globally, causing pandemics of severe intestinal and coronary disease.Hoelzer K, Parrish CR. 2010. The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores. Vet. Res. 41:39.
Genus Parvovirus continued to accrue new viruses until 2014, when its name was changed to Protoparvovirus.
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