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Pride is a Emotion characterized by a sense of security with one's identity, performance, or accomplishments. It is widely considered the opposite of shame, and depending on the context, may be viewed as either a virtue or a vice. Typically, pride arises from praise, independent self-reflection, or a fulfilled feeling of belongingness.
Pride can refer to a sense of patriotism, identity, Region identity, or other affiliations (e.g. proud to be a Alumni). It can also be used by members of marginalized groups, such as LGBTQ pride.
Pride may also be used to refer to foolhardiness, or an unearned, irrational sense of one's personal value, social status, or accomplishments. Pride is often used synonymously with hubris or vanity.
Pride is interpreted in various theologies as one of the seven deadly sins. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or magnanimity. When depicted as a vice, it is often known to be idolatry, sadistic contempt, or vanity.
He then concludes that,
By contrast, Aristotle defined the vice of hubris as follows:Aristotle
While pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing in modern contexts, for Aristotle and many other Ancient Greek philosophers, hubris was a more extreme, excessive pride that led to downfall, and is an entirely different thing from pride.
"Such, then, is the proud man; the man who falls short of him is unduly humble, and the man who goes beyond him is vain."
The term "fiero" was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity. Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, or arms on hips to demonstrate victory or achievement. Individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies indicate that the nonverbal expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a person's high social status in a group.
Behaviourally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and the arms extended out from the body. This postural display is innate, as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others.
Subsequent research has examined the evolutionary and social functions of pride, suggesting that pride may function as a status-regulating emotion that signals competence and social value within groups.
Pride functions as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong peers, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict.
Pride involves exhilarated pleasure and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud".Weiner, Bernard. (1986). An Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion. Psychological Reports. 29. 676-681. 10.1007/978-1-4612-4948-1_6. Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and public expression of achievement. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates Goal, as it can help trigger and sustain focused efforts, helping individuals prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended. Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and altruism.
One study from the University of Michigan found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher GPA in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA.
In the King James Bible, people exhibiting excess pride are labeled with the term "haughty".
In his book Mere Christianity, C.S. Lewis calls pride "the great sin", arguing that "it is Pride which has been the chief cause of misery in every nation and every family since the world began."
Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe the human condition. He examines and compares the Augustinian-Reinhold Niebuhr conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the humanistic psychology position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self.
He considers the work of certain Neo-Freudianism Psychoanalysis, namely Karen Horney, and offers promise in addressing what he describes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self".
Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem:
The "idealized self", the "tyranny of the should", the "pride system", and the nature of self-hate all point toward the intertwined relationship between neurotic pride and self-contempt. Understanding how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem.
Thus, hubris, which is an exaggerated form of self-esteem, is sometimes actually a lie used to cover the lack of self-esteem the hubristic person feels deep down.
A group that boasts, gloats, or denigrates others tends to become a group with low social status or to be vulnerable to threats from other groups.Pickett, C. L., & Hess, Y. D. (2016). Social exclusion and the self. In Ostracism, exclusion, and rejection (pp. 123-139). Routledge. UC Davis associate professor of psychology Cynthia Pickett, who has researched collective pride, has said that "hubristic, pompous displays of group pride might actually be a sign of group insecurity as opposed to a sign of strength". Pickett found that those who express pride by being filled with humility while focusing on members' efforts and hard work tend to achieve high social standing. Hubristic pride occurs when we experience pride in the absence of an eliciting event or even for eliciting events that we did not achieve.
Research from the University of Sydney found that hubristic pride is correlated with arrogance and self-aggrandizement and promotes prejudice and discrimination. However, authentic pride is associated with self-confidence and accomplishment and promotes more positive attitudes toward out-groups and stigmatized individuals.
A contrast has been noted specifically between how pride manifests in the United States and China.
The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures. (2026). 9780199592746 ISBN 9780199592746 This debate shadows the discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride should not be about whether pride is necessarily good or bad, but about which form of it is the most useful.
In Western Christian traditions, pride has often been viewed negatively, largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that, it was recognized by a Christian Monk named Evagrius Ponticus in the fourth century, as one of the evils human beings should resist.
The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for "shame," and as an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the Stonewall riots—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of Stonewall Inn—of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first pride parade in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots. Today, there are pride parades and celebrations in many cities and towns throughout the world, and numerous countries recognize an annual Pride Month, most commonly in June.
The term vanity originates from the Latin word vanitas, meaning emptiness, untruthfulness, futility, foolishness, and empty pride. Here, empty pride means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics.
In many religions, vanity is considered a form of self-idolatry, in which one rejects the divine for the sake of one's own image, and thereby becomes divorced from the Divine grace of their god. The stories of Lucifer and Narcissus (origin of the term narcissism), among others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity.
In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a peacock, Bible terms, and by the Whore of Babylon. During the Renaissance, it was typically represented as a naked woman, sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and a mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a demon or a putto. Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and the figure of Death.
Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads Omnia Vanitas ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of the Book of Ecclesiastes. Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called vanitas—originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay lip-service to condemning her", Edwin Mullins writes, "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in the glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her." The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining Venus.
Examples of vanity in art include:
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