Product Code Database
Portus was a large artificial harbour of Ancient Rome located at the River mouth of the Tiber on the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was established by Claudius and enlarged by Trajan to supplement the nearby port of Ostia.
The archaeological remains of Portus are near the modern-day village of Porto within the comune of Fiumicino, Lazio, just southwest of Rome. The Porto of Claudius and Trajan on Fiumicino municipal website
The goal was to obtain protection from the prevalent southwest wind, to which the river mouth was exposed. Though Claudius, in the inscription which he erected in Anno Domini 46, stated that he had freed the city of Rome from the danger of inundation, his work was only partially successful: in AD 62 Tacitus speaks of a number of grain ships sinking within the harbour during a violent storm. Nero gave the harbour the name of "Portus Augusti". It was probably Claudius who constructed the new direct road from Rome to Portus, the Via Portuensis, which was long. The Via Portuensis ran over the hills as far as the modern Ponte Galeria, and then straight across the plain. An older road, the Via Campana, ran along the foot of the hills, following the right bank of the Tiber. It passed the grove of the Arval Brethren at the sixth mile, to the Campus salinarum romanarum, the Salt marsh on the right bank from which it derived its name. cites Notizie degli Scavi, 1888, p. 228
Portus was the main port of ancient Rome for more than 500 years and provided a conduit for everything from glass, ceramics, marble and to wild animals caught in Africa and shipped to Rome for spectacles in the Colosseum.
In 2010, "one of the biggest canals ever built by the Romans" was discovered in Portus, in an ancient port increasingly being seen as important as Carthage or Alexandria. It connected Portus with Ostia. It connected to the Fosse Traiana and pointed south. For some 400 years, from the late second century AD into the fifth and sixth centuries, this 100-yard-wide (90 Metre) canal was used to ship goods from all over the Empire to Rome.
'Biggest canal ever built by Romans' discovered, London Telegraph, 2010-07-11, accessed 2010-08-03.
Its abandonment dates from the partial silting up of the right arm of the Tiber in the Middle Ages, which restored to Ostia what little traffic was left. To the west of the harbour is the cathedral of Saint Rufina, 10th century, but modernized except for the campanile, and the episcopal palace, fortified in the Middle Ages, and containing a number of ancient inscriptions from the site. On the island Isola Sacra just opposite is the church of S. Ippolito, built on the site of a Roman building, with a picturesque medieval campanile (13th century ?), as well as the Isola Sacra Necropolis. to the west is the modern village of Fiumicino at the mouth of the right arm of the Tiber, which is west-southwest by rail from Rome. It is a frazione, or portion of the commune of Rome. to the north is the pumping station by which the lowland, formerly called Stagno di Maccarese, now reclaimed and traversed by many drainage canals, between there and Maccarese is kept drained Bonifica di Maccarese.
The existence of two entrances is in accordance with the evidence of coins and literary tradition, although the position of that on the left is not certain, and it may have been closed in later times. The whole course of the left-hand mole has not yet been traced, but it seems to have protected not only the south-west but also a considerable portion of the north-west side of the harbour.
Many other remains of buildings exist. They were more easily traceable in the 16th century when Pirro Ligorio and Antonio Labacco made plans of the harbour. Considerable excavations were carried out in 1868, but with the idea of recovering works of art and antiquities. The plan and description given by Rodolfo Lanciani ( Annali del institute, 1868, 144 sqq.) were made under unfavourable circumstances.
The remains of Porto are today included administratively in the municipality of Fiumicino.
As part of Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica the remains of Porto are open every Thursday, the first and the third Sunday of the month from 9:30 to 13:30, and upon request and advance booking at other times.
Effects on Ostia
By means of these works Portus captured the main share of the harbour traffic of Rome. Though the importance of Ostia did not immediately decrease, Portus was already an episcopal see in Constantine's time not very long, if at all, after Ostia, and as the only harbour in the time of the Gothic wars.
Current remains
The site can still be fairly clearly traced in the low ground to the east of Fiumicino. Southampton University: Portus project The lighthouse is represented on coins, mosaics, and bas-reliefs such as the Torlonia Harbor Relief. The harbour is generally supposed to have been protected by two moles with a breakwater in front, on which stood the lighthouse, with an entrance on each side of it. Trial soundings made in 1907 showed that the course of the right-hand mole is represented by a low sand-hill, while the central breakwater was only some 170 m long, and probably divided from each of the two moles by a channel 135 m wide.
Medieval and modern town
The division between the ancient settlement and the medieval Porto began in the 4th century AD, when Constantine had a line of walls built. Ostia, just opposite on the left bank of the Tiber, was increasingly depopulated after Vandal and Saracen attacks. Porto was the main port on the Tyrrhenian Sea until the 6th century AD. Later it decayed, but maintained some importance as the episcopal see which, from 313, was made independent from that in Ostia. Ostia and Porto both were chosen to be amongst the seven suburbicarian dioceses, which are still in existence, and reserved for the members of the highest order of Catholic Cardinals, the , so the prelates of these otherwise insignificant Roman suburbs outrank all , even the .
See also
Further reading
External links
|
|
