Wiki: Pleurotus - upcScavenger

Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, P. ostreatus. Species of Pleurotus may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly Fungiculture in the world. Pleurotus fungi have also been used in mycoremediation of pollutants, such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Description

The caps may be laterally attached (with no stipe). If there is a stipe, it is normally eccentric and the gills are decurrent along it. The term pleurotoid is used for any mushroom with this general shape.

The spores are smooth and elongated (described as "cylindrical"). Where meet, they are joined by . Pleurotus is not considered to be a bracket fungus, and most of the species are monomitic (with a soft consistency). However, remarkably, P. dryinus can sometimes be dimitic, meaning that it has additional skeletal hyphae, which give it a tougher consistency like bracket fungi.

In the American Pacific Northwest, oysters can be found from March to May.

Taxonomy

The classification of species within the genus Pleurotus is difficult due to high phenotypic variability across wide geographic ranges, geographic overlap of species, and ongoing evolution and speciation. Early taxonomic efforts placed the oyster mushrooms within a very broad Agaricus as Agaricus ostreatus (Jacq. 1774). Paul Kummer defined the genus Pleurotus in 1871; since then, the genus has been narrowed with some species reclassified to other genera, such as Favolaschia, Hohenbuehelia, Lentinus, Marasmiellus, Omphalotus, Panellus, Pleurocybella, and Resupinatus. See Singer (1986) for an example of Pleurotus taxonomy based on morphological characteristics.

Phylogeny

More recently, molecular phylogenetics has been utilized to determine genetics and relationships between groups within the genus, delineating discrete . Pleurotus, along with the closely related genus Hohenbuehelia, has been shown to be monophyly. Tests of cross-breeding viability between groups have been used to further define which groups are deserving of species rank, as opposed to subspecies, variety, or synonymy. If two groups of morphologically distinct Pleurotus fungi are able to cross-breed and produce fertile offspring, they meet one definition of Species problem. These reproductively discrete groups, referred to as intersterility groups, have begun to be defined in Pleurotus. Many binomial names used in literature are now being grouped together as using this technique, and may change.

Phylogenetic species

The following species list is organized according to 1. phylogenetic clade, 2. intersterility group (group number in Roman numerals) or sub-clade, and then 3. any older binomial names that have been found to be closely related, reproductively compatible, or synonymous, although they may no longer be taxonomically valid. This list is likely to be incomplete.

P. ostreatus clade

I. P. ostreatus (oyster or pearl oyster mushroom) – North America and northern Eurasia

P. florida

II. P. pulmonarius (phoenix or Indian oyster mushroom) – North America, Eurasia, and Australasia

P. columbinus
P. sapidus

III. P. populinus – North America
VI. P. eryngii (king oyster mushroom) – Europe and the Middle East

P. ferulae
P. fossulatus – Afghanistan
P. nebrodensis

XII. P. abieticola – Asia
XIII. P. albidus – Caribbean, Central America, South America

P. djamor-cornucopiae clade ]]

IV. P. cornucopiae (branched oyster mushroom) – Europe

P. citrinopileatus (golden oyster mushroom) – eastern Asia
P. euosmus (tarragon oyster mushroom)

V. Pleurotus djamor (pink oyster mushroom) – pantropical

P. flabellatus
P. salmoneo-stramineus
P. salmonicolor

XI. P. opuntiae – North America, New Zealand
XVI. P. calyptratus

P. cystidiosus clade

VII. P. cystidiosus (abalone mushroom) – global

P. abalonus – Taiwan
P. fuscosquamulosus – Africa, Europe
P. smithii – Mexico

IX. P. dryinus – North America, Europe, and New Zealand

VIII. Lentinus levis – subtropical to tropical, moved to genus Lentinus.
X. P. tuber-regium (king tuber mushroom) – Africa, Asia, Australasia
XIV. P. australis (brown oyster mushroom) – Australia and New Zealand
XV. P. purpureo-olivaceus – Australia and New Zealand

P. rattenburyi

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P. parsonsii
P. velatus

Former species

P. gardneri was reclassified to the genus Neonothopanus in 2011.
Lentinus levis was reclassified to the genus Lentinus.
P. sajor-caju was reclassified to the genus Lentinus.
P. nidiformis was reclassified to the genus Omphalotus in 1994.

Etymology

The genus name Pleurotus refers to the mushroom caps being laterally attached to the substrate. It is derived of the Ancient Greek word : pleurón rib, side.Fries, E. M. (1821) Systema Mycologicum I, p. 178 Link to the original text at biodiversitylibrary.org

Ecology

Pleurotus fungi are found in both tropical climate and temperate climates throughout the world. Most species of Pleurotus are white-rot fungi on hardwood trees, although some also decay softwood. Pleurotus eryngii is unusual in being a weak parasite of , and P. tuber-regium produces underground Sclerotium.

In addition to being , all species of Pleurotus are also nematophagous, catching by paralyzing them with a toxin. In the case of the carnivorous mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, it was shown that small, fragile lollipop-shaped structures (toxocysts) on fungal hyphae contain a volatile ketone, 3-octanone, which disrupts the cell membrane integrity of nematodes, leading to rapid cell and organismal death, hypothetically either to defend themselves and/or to acquire nutrients.

Uses

Culinary

Oyster mushrooms are popular for cooking, torn up or sliced, especially in stir fry or sauté, because they are consistently thin, and so will cook more evenly than uncut mushrooms of other types.

Louise Freedman (1987). 9780943186306, Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780943186306

They are often used in vegetarian cuisine.

The crew of the Fram2 orbital mission are planning to grow Oyster mushrooms in space for the first time. The code name for this experiment is Mission MushVroom, and is led by FOODiQ Global, an Australian company. If successful, these mushrooms could provide a sustainable food source during lengthy space missions.

Bioremediation

The 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill was remediated partly by using 1000 mats of human hair collected from Bay Area salons woven into mats, then used to grow oyster mushrooms, helping to absorb the oil.

After the 2017 Tubbs Fire in California, oyster mushrooms were grown to help remediate toxic ash run-off.

Pleurotus

( Agaricales Genera )

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Pleurotus

( Agaricales Genera )