In cellular biology, pinocytosis, otherwise known as fluid endocytosis and bulk-phase pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small molecules dissolved in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane, resulting in their containment within a small vesicle inside the cell. These pinocytotic vesicles then typically fuse with endosome to hydrolyze (break down) the particles.
Pinocytosis is variably subdivided into categories depending on the molecular mechanism and the fate of the internalized molecules.
Function
In humans, this process occurs primarily for absorption of fat droplets. In endocytosis the cell plasma membrane extends and folds around desired extracellular material, forming a pouch that pinches off creating an internalized vesicle. The invaginated pinocytosis vesicles are much smaller than those generated by
phagocytosis. The vesicles eventually fuse with the lysosome, whereupon the vesicle contents are digested.
Pinocytosis involves a considerable investment of cellular energy in the form of ATP.
Pinocytosis and ATP
Pinocytosis is used primarily for clearing extracellular fluids (ECF) and as part of immune surveillance.
[Abbas, Abul, et al. "Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System." 5th ed. Elsevier, 2016. p.69] In contrast to
phagocytosis, it generates very small amounts of ATP from the wastes of alternative substances such as
(fat). Unlike receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis is nonspecific in the substances that it does transport: the cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all solutes present.
Etymology and pronunciation
The word
pinocytosis () uses combining forms of
pino- +
+ , all
Neo-Latin from
Greek language, reflecting
píno, to drink, and
cytosis. The term was proposed by W. H. Lewis in 1931.
[Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M.M. 1991. Glossary of Genetics. Classical and Molecular (Fifth edition). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, [1].]
Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis is a form of
endocytosis, a process in which small particles are taken in by a cell by splitting off small vesicles from the cell membrane.
[Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter: "Molecular Biology of the Cell", Fourth Edition, Copyright 2002 P.748] proteins bind to the negative cell surface and are taken up via the
clathrin-mediated system, thus the uptake is intermediate between receptor-mediated endocytosis and non-specific, non-adsorptive pinocytosis. The
clathrin occupy about 2% of the surface area of the cell and only last about a minute, with an estimated 2500 leaving the average cell surface each minute. The clathrin coats are lost almost immediately, and the membrane is subsequently recycled to the cell surface.
Macropinocytosis
Macropinocytosis is a clathrin-independent endocytic mechanism that can be activated in practically all animal cells, resulting in uptake. In most cell types, it does not occur continuously but rather is induced for a limited time in response to cell-surface receptor activation by specific cargoes, including
, ligands of
, and apoptotic cell remnants. These ligands activate a complex signaling pathway, resulting in a change in
actin dynamics and the formation of cell-surface protrusions of
filopodia and
Lamellipodium, commonly called
ruffles. When ruffles collapse back onto the membrane, large fluid-filled endocytic vesicles form called
, which can transiently increase the bulk fluid uptake of a cell by up to tenfold. Macropinocytosis is a solely degradative pathway: macropinosomes acidify and then fuse with late endosomes or endolysosomes, without recycling their cargo back to the plasma membrane.
Some bacteria and viruses have evolved to induce macropinocytosis as a mechanism for entering host cells. Some of these can stop the degradation processes in order to survive inside the macropinosome, which may transform into smaller and long-lasting containing the viruses or bacteria (some of which may replicate inside), or simply escape through the wall of the macropinosome when inside. For example, the gut pathogen Salmonella injects toxins into the host cell in order to induce macropinocytosis as a form of uptake, inhibits the degradation of the macropinosome, and forms a salmonella-containing vacuole, or SCV, wherein it can replicate.
Inhibitors
See also
-
Campbell, Reece, Mitchell: "Biology", Sixth Edition, Copyright 2002 P. 151
-
Marshall, Ben, Incredible Biological Advancements of the 20th Century, Copyright 2001 p. 899
-
Alrt, Pablo, Global Society Harvard study, copyright 2003 p. 189
-
Brooker, Robert: "Biology", Second Edition, Copyright 2011 p. 116
-
Cherrr, Malik, The Only Edition, Copyright 2012, p. 256
-
Abbas, Abul, et al. "Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System." 5th ed. Elsevier, 2016. p. 69
