The Pickelhaube (; Pickelhauben, ; from , and Haube, , a general word for "headgear"), also Pickelhelm, is a spiked leather or metal helmet that was worn in the 19th and 20th centuries by and German Empire soldiers of all ranks, as well as firefighters and police. Although it is typically associated with the Prussian Army, which adopted it in 1842–43,[See "The American Pickelhaube" for examples of American military Pickelhaube.] It is still worn today as part of ceremonial wear in the militaries of certain countries, such as Sweden, Chile, and Colombia.
History
Origins
Russian helmet
During the 1830s, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia decided to replace the
shako infantry caps. For this, he commissioned General , a member of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts, to design the new headdress for the Russian infantry. The new headwear was inspired by the leather helmet worn by the Russian
, with the plumed crest being replaced by a pointed ornament in the shape of a flaming grenade.
Prussian helmet
The origins of the Prussian helmet began with a visit to Russia by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1837. During the visit, the Tsar presented Charles with the new helmet, which was still in its project stage. The Prince liked the idea, and upon returning to
Berlin he proposed it to his father, King Frederick William III of Prussia. The King, however, did not approve of the helmet, which he considered expensive and unnecessary. After his death in 1840, the new king, Frederick William IV, approved his younger brother's idea, and the Prussian army officially adopted the spiked helmet in 1842, ahead of the Russian project, which was still being worked on;
Russia finally adopted the helmet in 1844.
Adoption
Frederick William IV introduced the Pickelhaube for use by the majority of Prussian infantry on 23 October 1842 by a royal cabinet order.
[ The Model 1842 Pickelhaube from the Kaiser's Bunker web site.] The use of the Pickelhaube spread rapidly to other German principalities. Oldenburg adopted it by 1849, Baden by 1870, and in 1887, the Kingdom of Bavaria was the last German state to adopt the Pickelhaube (since the
Napoleonic Wars, they had had their own design of helmet called the
Raupenhelm, a
Tarleton helmet). Amongst other European armies, that of
Sweden adopted the Prussian version of the spiked helmet in 1845,
in
Wallachia it was decided to adopt the helmet on 15 August 1845, possibly being influenced by the visit of Prince Albert of Prussia. However, its introduction to the troops took longer, while
Moldavia adopted the Russian version of the spiked helmet in the same year, possibly under the influence of the Tsarist Army.
From the second half of the 19th century onwards, the armies of a number of nations including Argentina,
The Russian version initially had a horsehair plume fitted to the end of the spike, but this was later discarded in some units. The Russian spike was topped with a grenade motif. At the beginning of the Crimean War, such helmets were common among infantry and grenadiers, but soon fell out of place in favour of the forage cap. After 1862 the spiked helmet ceased to be generally worn by the Russian Army, although it was retained until 1914 by the Cuirassier regiments of the Imperial Guard, and the Gendarmerie. The Soviets prolonged the history of the pointed military headgear with their own cloth Budenovka adopted in 1919 by the Red Army.
Derivatives
In 1847, the Household Cavalry, along with British
and
Dragoon Guards, adopted a helmet which was a hybrid between the Pickelhaube and the traditional
dragoon helmet which it replaced. This "Albert Pattern" helmet was named after Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who took a keen interest in military uniforms, and featured a falling horsehair plume which could be removed when on campaign. It was adopted by other
heavy cavalry regiments across the
British Empire and remains in ceremonial use.
The Pickelhaube also influenced the design of the British army Home Service helmet, as well as the
custodian helmet still worn by police in England and Wales.
[Major R. M. Barnes, p. 257, "A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army, First Sphere Books, 1972.] The linkage between Pickelhaube and Home Service helmet was however not a direct one, since the British headdress was higher, had only a small spike and was made of stiffened cloth over a cork framework, instead of leather. Both the United States Army and Marine Corps wore helmets of the British pattern for full dress between 1881 and 1902.
Design
The basic Pickelhaube was made of hardened (
Boiled leather) leather, given a glossy-black finish, and reinforced with metal trim (usually plated with gold or silver for officers) that included a metal spike at the crown. Early versions had a high crown, but the height gradually was reduced and the helmet became more fitted in form, in a continuing process of weight-reduction and cost-saving. In 1867, a further attempt at weight reduction by removing the metal binding of the front peak, and the metal reinforcing band on the rear of the crown (which also concealed the stitched rear seam of the leather crown), did not prove successful.
The version of the Pickelhaube worn by Prussian artillery units employed a ball-shaped finial rather than the pointed spike, a modification ordered in 1844 because of injuries to horses and damage to equipment caused by the latter.
Aside from the spike finial, perhaps the most recognizable feature of the Pickelhaube was the ornamental front plate, which denoted the regiment's province or state. The most common plate design consisted of a large, spread-winged eagle, the emblem used by Prussia. Different plate designs were used by Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, and the other German states. The Russians used the traditional double-headed eagle.
German military Pickelhauben also mounted two round, colored cockades behind the chinstraps attached to the sides of the helmet. The right cockade, the national cockade, was red, black and white. The left cockade was used to denote the state of the soldier (Prussia: black and white; Bavaria: white and blue; etc.).
All-metal versions of the Pickelhaube were worn mainly by , and often appear in portraits of high-ranking military and political figures (such as Otto von Bismarck, pictured above). These helmets were sometimes referred to as lobster-tail helmets, due to their distinctive articulated neck guard. The design of these is based on cavalry helmets in common use since the 16th century, but with some features taken from the leather helmets. The version worn by the Prussian Gardes du Corps was of tombac (copper and zinc alloy) with silver mountings. That worn by the cuirassiers of the line since 1842 was of polished steel with brass mountings.
Cover
In 1892, a light brown cloth helmet cover, the M1892 Überzug, became standard issue for all Pickelhauben for manoeuvres and active service. The Überzug was intended to protect the helmet from dirt and reduce its combat visibility, as the brass and silver fittings on the Pickelhaube proved to be highly reflective.
[ First World War, Willmott, H. P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, p. 59.] Regimental numbers were sewn or stenciled in red (green from August 1914) onto the front of the cover, other than in units of the Prussian Guards, which never carried regimental numbers or other adornments on the Überzug. With exposure to the sun, the Überzug faded into a tan shade. In October 1916 the colour was changed to
feldgrau (field grey), although by that date, the plain metal
Stahlhelm was standard issue for most troops.
World War I
All helmets produced for the infantry before and during 1914 were made of leather. As the war progressed, Germany's leather stockpiles dwindled. After extensive imports from South America, particularly Argentina, the German government began producing
ersatz Pickelhauben made of other materials. In 1915, some Pickelhauben started to be constructed from thin sheet steel. However, the German high command needed to produce an even greater number of helmets, leading to the usage of pressurized felt and even paper to construct Pickelhauben. The Pickelhaube was discontinued in 1916.
During the early months of World War I, it was soon discovered that the Pickelhaube did not measure up to the demanding conditions of trench warfare. The leather helmets offered little protection against shell fragments and shrapnel and the conspicuous spike made its wearer a target. These shortcomings, combined with material shortages, led to the introduction of the simplified model 1915 helmet described above, with a detachable spike. In September 1915 it was ordered that the new helmets were to be worn without spikes when in the front line.[ World War One German Army, Stephen Bull, pp. 71–73.]
Beginning in 1916, the Pickelhaube was slowly replaced by a new German steel helmet (the Stahlhelm) intended to offer greater head protection from shell fragments. After the adoption of the Stahlhelm, the Pickelhaube was reduced to limited ceremonial wear by senior officers away from the war zones; plus the Leibgendarmerie S.M. des Kaisers whose role as an Imperial/Royal escort led them to retain peacetime full dress throughout the war.[Charles Woolley, p. 368, Uniforms and Equipment of the Imperial German Army 1900–1918, .][Andrew Mollo, p. 191, Army Uniforms of World War I, .] With the collapse of the German Empire in 1918, the Pickelhaube ceased to be part of the military uniform, and even the police adopted of a Jäger style. In modified forms the new Stahlhelm helmet would continue to be worn by German troops into World War II.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R11105, Kaiser Wilhelm II., August v. Mackensen crop.jpg|Kaiser Wilhelm II, August von Mackensen and others wearing Pickelhauben with cloth covers in 1915
File:Harry R. Hopps, Destroy this mad brute Enlist - U.S. Army, 03216u edit.jpg|The Pickelhaube was often used in propaganda against the Germans as in this World War I poster (Harry R. Hopps; 1917).
Current use
The Pickelhaube is still part of the parade/ceremonial uniform of the Life Guards of Sweden, the National Republican Guard (GNR) of Portugal, King's Guard of Thailand, the
military academy of Chile, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, the Military College of Bolivia, the Army Central Band and Army School Bands of Chile, the
Chilean Army's 1st Cavalry and 1st Artillery Regiments, and the Presidential Guard Battalion and National Police of Colombia. The Blues and Royals, the Life Guards of the United Kingdom and traffic police in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan also use different forms of the Pickelhaube. The modern Romanian Gendarmerie (
Jandarmeria Româna) maintain a mounted detachment who wear a white plumed Pickelhaube of a model dating from the late 19th century, as part of their ceremonial uniform.
As a cultural icon
As early as 1844, the poet
Heinrich Heine mocked the Pickelhaube as a symbol of
Reactionary and an unsuitable head-dress. He cautioned that the spike could easily "draw modern lightnings down on your romantic head".
[ Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen. Caput III Deutschelyric.de, retrieved 15 June 2013.] The poem was part of his political satire on the contemporary monarchy, national chauvinism, and militarism, used aggressively against democratic movements, entitled
Germany. A Winter's Tale.
In the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, a molded plastic version of the Pickelhaube was available as a novelty item article. The common model was colored in the black-red-gold of the German flag, with a variety of other colors also available.
The spiked helmet remained part of a clichéd mental picture of Imperial Germany as late as the inter-war period even after the headdress had ceased to be worn. This was possibly because of the extensive use of the pickelhaube in Allied propaganda before and during World War I, although the helmet had been a well known icon of Imperial Germany even prior to 1914. Pickelhauben were popular targets for Allied souvenir hunters during the early months of the war.
The closing credits of the American sitcom Hogan's Heroes prominently features a Pickelhaube in the background, with an American officer's cap perched on its point (as if it were a hatrack).
Gallery
Image:51479sweden helmet.jpg|Ceremonial nickel-plated Pickelhaube of the modern Swedish Royal Life Guard Regiments
File:Regimiento Primero de Infantería de la Guardia Real, Gran Palacio, Bangkok, Tailandia, 2013-08-22, DD 04.JPG|First Infantry Regiment of the Royal Guard, Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand
File:Pal s bento guarda.jpg|National Republican Guard, São Bento Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
File:Colombian military band at Monument of Fallen Soldiers and Police in Bogota 3-5-09.jpg|Colombian military band at Monument of Fallen Soldiers and Police in Bogota
File:Parada Militar 2014 (15291611352).jpg|Lancers of the modern Chilean Presidential Escort Regiment
File:Kaiserliche_Zeit_20.JPG|German Reenactors wearing full dress German Empire uniforms
File:Casco.jpg|Spanish Cuirassier Helmet
File:Peru pickelhaube 1879.jpg|Peruvian artillery soldier of the War of the Pacific era
File:Pickelhaube_2016.jpg|Plastic novelty helmet modeled after the Pickelhaube
File:Schuberth Helm.jpg|Schuberth Combat helmet at the IWA OutdoorClassics
See also
External links
