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Orkney (), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an off the north coast of mainland . The plural name the Orkneys is also sometimes used, but locals now consider it outdated. Part of the along with , Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north of and has about 70 islands, of which 20 are inhabited.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 336–403.Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 1 states there are 67 islands. The largest island, the Mainland, has an area of , making it the sixth-largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 334, 502. Orkney's largest settlement, and also its administrative centre, is .Lamb, Raymond "Kirkwall" in Omand (2003) p. 184.

Orkney is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, as well as a constituency of the Scottish Parliament, a lieutenancy area, and an historic county. The local council is Orkney Islands Council.

The islands have been inhabited for at least years, originally occupied by and tribes and then by the . Orkney was colonised and later annexed by the Kingdom of Norway in 875 and settled by the . In 1472, the Parliament of Scotland absorbed the Earldom of Orkney into the Kingdom of Scotland, following failure to pay a promised to James III of Scotland by the family of his bride, Margaret of Denmark.Thompson (2008) p. 220.

In addition to the Mainland, most of the remaining islands are divided into two groups: the North Isles and the South Isles. The local climate is relatively mild and the soils are extremely fertile; most of the land is farmed, and agriculture is the most important sector of the economy. The significant wind and marine energy resources are of growing importance; the amount of electricity that Orkney generates annually from renewable energy sources exceeds its demand. Temperatures average in winter and in summer.

The local people are known as Orcadians; they speak a distinctive of the and have a rich body of folklore. Orkney contains some of the oldest and best-preserved Neolithic sites in Europe; the "Heart of Neolithic Orkney" is a designated World Heritage Site. Orkney also has an abundance of marine and avian wildlife.

Etymology
of visited Britain – probably sometime between 322 and 285 BC – and described it as triangular in shape, with a northern tip called Orcas.Breeze, David J. "The ancient geography of Scotland" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 11–13. This may have referred to , from which Orkney is visible. "Early Historical References to Orkney" Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009. Writing in the 1st century AD, the Roman geographers and called the islands Orcades (Ancient Greek: Όρκάδες), as did in AD 98, claiming that his father-in-law Agricola had "discovered and subjugated the Orcades hitherto unknown" (although both Mela and Pliny had previously referred to the islands). The in his work Chiliades called the islands Orcades.

Etymologists usually interpret the element orc- as a tribal name meaning "young pig" or "young ". Waugh, Doreen J. "Orkney Place-names" in Omand (2003) p. 116. Speakers of referred to the islands as Insi Orc "islands of the young pigs". (1959) [2] italic=yes. Retrieved 3 July 2009. "The Origin of Orkney" Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009. The is known as Ynysoedd Erch in modern and Arcaibh in modern , the -aibh representing a fossilized prepositional case ending. Some earlier sources alternatively hypothesise that Orkney comes from the Latin , whale. The Anglo-Saxon monk refers to the islands as Orcades insulae in Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

(2025). 9781593330286, Gorgias Press. .

settlers arriving from the late ninth century reinterpreted orc as the orkn "" and added "islands" to the end,Thompson (2008) p. 42. so the name became Orkneyjar "Seal Islands". The plural suffix -jar was later removed in English leaving the modern name Orkney. According to the italic=yes, Orkney was named after an called Orkan. "A History of Norway", vol. XIII Translated by Devra Kunin pp. 7–8

The Norse knew Mainland, Orkney as Megenland "Mainland" or as Hrossey "Horse Island".Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 354. The island is sometimes referred to as Pomona (or Pomonia), a name that stems from a 16th-century mistranslation by , which has rarely been used locally.Buchanan, George (1582) Rerum Scoticarum Historia: The First Book The University of California, Irvine. Revised 8 March 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2007. "Pomona or Mainland?" Orkneyjar.com. Retrieved 4 October 2007.

Usage of the plural "Orkneys" dates from the 18th century or earlier and was used by for example Sir . From the mid-19th century onwards this plural form has fallen out of use in the local area although it is still often used, particularly by publications based outside Scotland.Anderson, Peter "Is 'The Orkneys' Ever Right?" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

History
Prehistory
A charred shell, recovered in 2007 during excavations in on the Mainland, has been dated to 6820–6660 BC, indicating the presence of Mesolithic nomadic tribes. "Hazelnut shell pushes back date of Orcadian site" (3 November 2007) Stone Pages Archaeo News. Retrieved 6 September 2009. The earliest known permanent settlement is at Knap of Howar, a Neolithic farmstead on the island of , which dates from 3500 BC. The village of , Europe's best-preserved Neolithic settlement, is believed to have been inhabited from around 3100 BC. "Skara Brae Prehistoric Village" Historic Scotland. Retrieved 3 February 2010. Other remains from that era include the Standing Stones of Stenness, the , the Ring of Brodgar and other standing stones. Many of the Neolithic settlements were abandoned around 2500 BC, possibly due to changes in the climate.Moffat (2005) p. 154. "Scotland: 2200–800 BC Bronze Age" worldtimelines.org.uk Retrieved 23 August 2008.Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) pp. 32, 34.

In September 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of two polished stone balls in a 5500-year-old Neolithic burial tomb in Sanday. According to Dr Hugo Anderson, the second object was as the "size of a cricket ball, perfectly spherical and beautifully finished".

During the , fewer large stone structures were built (although the great ceremonial circles continued in useWickham-Jones (2007) p. 73.) as metalworking was slowly introduced to Britain from Europe over a lengthy period.Moffat (2005) pp. 154, 158, 161.Whittington, Graeme and Edwards, Kevin J. (1994) "Palynology as a predictive tool in archaeology" (pdf) Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 124 pp. 55–65. There are relatively few Orcadian sites dating from this era although there is the impressive Plumcake Mound near the Ring of Brodgar, and various island sites such as Tofts Ness on Sanday and the remains of two houses on Holm of Faray.Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 74–76.Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) p. 33.

Iron Age
Excavations at Quanterness on the Mainland have revealed an Atlantic roundhouse built about 700 BC and similar finds have been made at Bu on the Mainland and Pierowall Quarry on Westray.Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 81–84. The most impressive structures of Orkney are the ruins of later round towers called "" and their associated settlements such as the Broch of BurroughstonHogan, C. Michael (2007) Burroughston Broch . The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 4 October 2009. and Broch of Gurness. The nature and origin of these buildings is a subject of debate. Other structures from this period include and aisled roundhouses, the latter usually in association with earlier broch sites.Ritchie, Graham "The Early Peoples" in Omand (2003) pp. 35–37.Crawford, Iain "The wheelhouse" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 118–22.

During the invasion of Britain the "King of Orkney" was one of 11 British leaders who is said to have submitted to the Emperor in AD 43 at (modern Colchester).Moffat (2005) pp. 173–75. After the Agricolan fleet had come and gone, possibly anchoring at , direct Roman influence seems to have been limited to trade rather than conquest.Thomson (2005) pp. 4–6. wrote a list of Late Roman provinces, which appended to his edition of the Notitia Dignitatum. The list names six provinces in Roman Britannia: the sixth is the dubious "Orcades provincia", the possible existence of which recent researches re-evaluate.

By the late Iron Age, Orkney was part of the kingdom, and although the remains from this period are less impressive, the fertile soils and rich seas of Orkney probably provided the Picts with a comfortable living. The Dalriadic began to influence the islands towards the close of the Pictish era, perhaps principally through the role of Celtic , as evidenced by several islands bearing the epithet "Papa" in commemoration of these preachers.Ritchie, Anna "The Picts" in Omand (2003) pp. 42–46. Before the Gaelic presence could establish itself the Picts were gradually dispossessed by the North Germanic peoples from the late 8th century onwards. The nature of this transition is controversial, and theories range from peaceful integration to and .Thompson (2008) pp. 43–50. It has been suggested that an assault by forces from in 681 in which Orkney was "annihilated" may have led to a weakening of the local power base and helped the Norse come to prominence.Fraser (2009) p. 345

Norwegian rule
Both Orkney and saw a significant influx of Norwegian settlers during the late 8th and early 9th centuries. made the islands the headquarters of their expeditions carried out against Norway and the coasts of mainland Scotland. In response, Norwegian king Harald Fairhair (Harald Hårfagre) annexed the , comprising Orkney and Shetland, in 875 (it is clear that this story, which appears in the , is based on the later voyages of Magnus Barelegs and some scholars believe it to be ).Thompson (2008) pp. 24–27. Rognvald Eysteinsson received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty.Thompson (2008) p. 24. Sigurd went on to conquer northern parts of mainland Britain in the late 9th century, including and .
(2025). 9781862321519, Tuckwell Press.

However, Sigurd's line barely survived him and it was , Rognvald's son by a slave, who founded a dynasty that controlled the islands for centuries after his death.Thompson (2008) p. 29. He was succeeded by his son Thorfinn Skull-splitter and during this time the deposed Norwegian King often used Orkney as a raiding base before being killed in 954. Thorfinn's death and presumed burial at the broch of Hoxa, on , led to a long period of dynastic strife.Wenham, Sheena "The South Isles" in Omand (2003) p. 211.Thompson (2008) pp. 56–58.

Initially a pagan culture, detailed information about the turn to the Christian religion in the islands of Scotland during the Norse era is elusive.Abrams, Lesley "Conversion and the Church in the Hebrides in the Viking Age: "A Very Difficult Thing Indeed" in Ballin Smith et al (2007) pp. 169–89 The Orkneyinga Saga suggests the islands were Christianised by Olaf Tryggvasson in 995 when he stopped at on his way from Ireland to Norway. The King summoned the Sigurd the Stout and said, "I order you and all your subjects to be baptised. If you refuse, I'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel." Unsurprisingly, Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke,Thompson (2008) p. 69. quoting the chapter 12. receiving their own bishop in the early 11th century.

Thorfinn the Mighty was a son of Sigurd and a grandson of King Malcolm II of Scotland ( Máel Coluim mac Cináeda). Along with Sigurd's other sons he ruled Orkney during the first half of the 11th century and extended his authority over a small maritime empire stretching from to . Thorfinn died around 1065 and his sons Paul and Erlend succeeded him, fighting at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066.Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 66–68. Paul and Erlend quarrelled as adults and this dispute carried on to the next generation. The of Magnus Erlendsson, who was killed in April 1116 by his cousin , resulted in the building of St Magnus Cathedral, still today a dominating feature of Kirkwall.

The Scottish crown claimed the overlordship of the Caithness and Sutherland area from Norway in 1098.

(2025). 9781788853408, John Donald.
The jarls thereafter owed allegiance to the Scottish crown for their territory on mainland Britain, which they held as the Mormaer of Caithness, but owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown for Orkney and Shetland.Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) p. 64. In 1195, the jarls lost control of Shetland when it became a separate lordship.

In 1231 the line of Norse earls, unbroken since Rognvald, ended with 's murder in .Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 72–73. The Earldom of Caithness was granted to Magnus, second son of the Earl of Angus, whom Haakon IV of Norway confirmed as Earl of Orkney in 1236.Thompson (2008) pp. 134–37. Around the same time, the earldom lost the southern part of its territory on mainland Britain when it was made the separate earldom of Sutherland.

In 1290, the death of the child princess Margaret, Maid of Norway in Orkney, en route to mainland Scotland, created a disputed succession that led to the Wars of Scottish Independence.Thompson (2008) pp. 146–47. In the 14th century the earls of Orkney also lost Caithness, after which the earldom just covered the islands of Orkney itself.

(1993). 9780824047870, Garland Publishing. .
In 1379 the earldom passed to the family, who were also barons of near .Thompson (2008) p. 160.

Evidence of the Viking presence is widespread and includes the settlement at the Brough of Birsay,Armit (2006) pp. 173–76. the vast majority of ,Thompson (2008) p. 40. and the inscriptions at Maeshowe.

Absorption by Scotland
In 1468 Orkney and was pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. However, the money was never paid, and Orkney was absorbed by the Kingdom of Scotland in 1472.

The history of Orkney prior to this time is largely the history of the ruling aristocracy. From then on ordinary people emerge with greater clarity. An influx of Scottish entrepreneurs helped to create a diverse and independent community that included farmers, fishermen and merchants that called themselves comunitas Orcadie and who proved themselves increasingly able to defend their rights against their feudal overlords.Thompson (2008) p. 183.Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 78–79.

From at least the 16th century, boats from mainland Scotland and the Netherlands dominated the local fishery. There is little evidence of an Orcadian fleet until the 19th century, but it grew rapidly, and 700 boats were involved by the 1840s with Stronsay and later becoming leading centres of development. White fish never became as dominant as in other Scottish ports.

Agricultural improvements beginning in the 17th century resulted in the enclosure of the commons and ultimately in the Victorian era the emergence of large and well-managed farms using a five-shift rotation system and producing high-quality beef cattle.Thomson, William P.L. "Agricultural Improvement" in Omand (2003) pp. 93, 99.

In the 17th century, Orcadians formed the overwhelming majority of employees of the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada. The harsh winter weather of Orkney and the Orcadian reputation for sobriety and their boat handling skills made them ideal candidates for the rigours of the Canadian north.Thompson (2008) pp. 371–72. During this period, burning briefly became a mainstay of the islands' economy. For example, on Shapinsay over of burned seaweed were produced per annum to make , bringing in £20,000 to the local economy.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 364–65. The industry collapsed suddenly in 1830 after the removal of tariffs on imported .Thomson, William P.L. "Agricultural Improvement" in Omand (2003) p. 98.

During the 18th century , Orkney was largely Jacobite in its sympathies. At the end of the 1715 rebellion, a large number of Jacobites who had fled north from mainland Scotland sought refuge in Orkney and were helped on to safety in Sweden.Baynes (1970) p. 182 In 1745, the Jacobite lairds on the islands ensured that Orkney remained pro-Jacobite in outlook and was a safe place to land supplies from Spain to aid their cause. Orkney was the last place in the British Isles that held out for the Jacobites and was not retaken by the British Government until 24 May 1746, over a month after the defeat of the main Jacobite army at Culloden.Duffy (2003) pp. 464–465, 528, 533–534, 550

20th century
Orkney was the site of a base at , which played a major role in World War I and World War II. After the in 1918, the German High Seas Fleet was transferred in its entirety to Scapa Flow to await a decision on its future. The German sailors opened the seacocks and scuttled all the ships. Most ships were salvaged, but the remaining wrecks are now a favoured haunt of recreational divers. One month into World War II, a German sank the Royal Navy battleship in Scapa Flow. As a result, barriers were built to close most of the access channels; these had the additional advantage of creating causeways enabling travellers to go from island to island by road instead of being obliged to rely on ferries. The causeways were constructed by Italian prisoners of war, who also constructed the ornate .Thompson (2008) pp. 434–36.

The navy base became run down after the war, eventually closing in 1957. The problem of a declining population was significant in the post-war years, though in the last decades of the 20th century, there was a recovery and life in Orkney focused on growing prosperity and the emergence of a relatively classless society.Thompson (2008) pp. 439–43. Orkney was rated as the best place to live in Scotland in both 2013 and 2014, and in 2019 the best place to live in the UK, according to the Halifax Quality of Life survey.

Overview of population trends
In the modern era, the population peaked in the mid-19th century at just over 32,000 and declined for a century thereafter to a low of fewer than 18,000 in the 1970s. Declines were particularly significant in the outlying islands, some of which remain vulnerable to ongoing losses. Although Orkney is in many ways very distinct from the other islands and archipelagos of Scotland these trends are very similar to those experienced elsewhere.Wenham, Sheena "Modern Times" in Omand (2003) p. 110. "Orkney Islands" Vision of Britain. Retrieved 21 September 2009. The archipelago's population grew by 11% in the decade to 2011 as recorded by the census. During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. "Scotland's 2011 census: Island living on the rise" . BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2013.

Genetic studies have shown that 25% of the gene pool of Orkney derives from Norwegian ancestors who occupied the islands in the 9th century. Genetic study reveals 30% of white British DNA has German ancestry . The Guardian.

Current Demographics
In 2022 the census recorded a total population of 21,958 an increase of 2.85% since 2011 "Local Authority: Orkney Islands". Scotland's Census. Scottish Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025. and of which 17,805 (81%) lived on the mainland."Table MV202 Island Groups". Scotland's Census. Scottish Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025.

The most numerous non-British residents were from Ireland (125 persons) and Poland (98 persons). 352 individuals were recorded as belonging to non-white ethnic groups of whom just over half were of Asian origin. "Local Authority: Orkney Islands - Council Area 2019 by Ethnic group". Scotland's Census. Scottish Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025.

36% of the population identified as Christian, with 27% adhering to the Church of Scotland and 2.7% being . Just under 2% professed to another religion of which the largest group was 197 individuals recorded as . 62% of the population stated they had no religion or did not provide an answer to this question. "Local Authority: Orkney Islands - Council Area 2019 by Religion - 12 groups by Individuals". Scotland's Census. Scottish Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025. The main language of all but 238 individuals over the age of 3 was either English or . "Local Authority: Orkney Islands - Council Area 2019 by Main language." Scotland's Census. Scottish Government. Retrieved 31 May 2025.

Geography
Orkney is separated from the mainland of Scotland by the , a seaway between Brough Ness on the island of and in . Orkney lies between 58°41′ and 59°24′ north, and 2°22′ and 3°26′ west, measuring from northeast to southwest and from east to west, and covers . "Get-a-Map" . Retrieved 19 September 2009. Whitakers (1990) pp. 611, 614.

Orkney is separated from the , a group further out, by a body of water called the Fair Isle Channel.

(1997). 9789041103260, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. .

The islands are mainly low-lying except for some sharply rising sandstone hills on Mainland, Rousay and Hoy (where the tallest point in Orkney, Ward Hill, can be found) and rugged cliffs on some western coasts. Nearly all of the islands have , but the watercourses are merely streams draining the high land. The coastlines are indented, and the islands themselves are divided from each other by straits generally called "sounds" or "firths".Brown, John Flett "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) p. 19.

The , or "roosts" as some of them are called locally, "The Sorcerous Finfolk" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009. off many of the isles are swift, with frequent whirlpools. The islands are notable for the absence of trees, which is partly accounted for by the strong winds. "The Big Tree, Orkney". Forestry Commission. Retrieved 19 September 2009.

Settlements
Only three settlements have a population of over 500; the towns of and and the village of .

+List of settlements in Orkney !Settlement !Population ()
Other villages include Balfour, , , Longhope, , , St Margaret's Hope, and Whitehall.

+List of largest islands by population !Island !Population
(2011)
Orkney Mainland17,162
909
588
Sanday494
Hoy419
409
349
307
216
160

Geology
The superficial rock of Orkney is almost entirely Old Red Sandstone, mostly of Middle age.Marshall, J.E.A., & Hewett, A.J. "Devonian" in Evans, D., Graham C., Armour, A., & Bathurst, P. (eds) (2003) The Millennium Atlas: petroleum geology of the central and northern North Sea. As in the neighbouring mainland county of , this sandstone rests upon the and igneous rocks of the series, as may be seen on the Mainland, where a narrow strip is exposed between Stromness and Inganess, and again in the small island of ; they are represented by grey and .Hall, Adrian and Brown, John (September 2005) "Basement Geology" . Retrieved 10 November 2008.

The Middle Devonian is divided into three main groups. The lower part of the sequence, mostly in age, is dominated by lacustrine beds of the lower and upper Stromness Flagstones that were deposited in .Hall, Adrian and Brown, John (September 2005) "Lower Middle Devonian" . Retrieved 10 November 2008. The later Rousay flagstone formation is found throughout much of the North and South Isles and East Mainland.Brown, John Flett "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) pp. 4–5.

The Old Man of Hoy is formed from sandstone of the uppermost that is up to thick in places. It lies upon steeply inclined flagstones, the interpretation of which is a matter of continuing debate.Mykura, W. (with contributions by Flinn, D. & May, F.) (1976) British Regional Geology: Orkney and Shetland. Institute of Geological Sciences. Natural Environment Council.

The Devonian and older rocks of Orkney are cut by a series of WSW–ENE to N–S trending faults, many of which were active during deposition of the Devonian sequences.Land Use Consultants (1998) "Orkney landscape character assessment" . Scottish Natural Heritage Review No. 100.

Middle Devonian are found on western Hoy, on Deerness in eastern Mainland and on Shapinsay. Correlation between the Hoy volcanics and the other two exposures has been proposed, but differences in chemistry mean this remains uncertain.Odling, N.W.A. (2000) "Point of Ayre" . (pdf) "Caledonian Igneous Rocks of Great Britain: Late Silurian and Devonian volcanic rocks of Scotland". Geological Conservation Review 17 : Chapter 9, p. 2731. JNCC. Retrieved 4 October 2009. dykes of Late age are found throughout Orkney.Hall, Adrian and Brown, John (September 2005) "Orkney Landscapes: Permian dykes" Retrieved 4 October 2009.

Glacial striation and the presence of and that originated from the bed of the North Sea demonstrate the influence of ice action on the of the islands. Boulder is also abundant and cover substantial areas.Brown, John Flett "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) p. 10.

Climate
Orkney has a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly , due to the influence of the warm waters of the Norwegian Current, a north-easterly extension of the North Atlantic Drift which is itself an extension of the .Chalmers, Jim "Agriculture in Orkney Today" in Omand (2003) p. 129. The average temperature for the year is ; for winter and for summer . "Regional mapped climate averages" . Retrieved 19 September 2009.

The average annual rainfall varies from to . Winds are a key feature of the climate and even in summer there are almost constant breezes. In winter, there are frequent strong winds, with an average of 52 hours of gales being recorded annually. "The Climate of Orkney" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009.

To tourists, one of the fascinations of the islands is their "nightless" summers. On the , the sun rises at 04:00 and sets at 22:29 BST and complete darkness is unknown. This long twilight is known in the Northern Isles as the "simmer dim". "About the Orkney Islands" . Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009. Winter nights are long. On the the sun rises at 09:05 and sets at 15:16. "Climatology: Sunrise/Sunset for Orkney, United Kingdom " The Weather Channel. Retrieved 12 May 2012. At this time of year the can occasionally be seen on the northern horizon during moderate auroral activity.

The first averages table below is for the largest settlement Kirkwall's weather station, the second is for the Loch of Hundland, a rural location to the northwest of Mainland.

Governance
The local authority is the Orkney Islands Council, based at the Council Offices on School Place in Kirkwall.

Administrative history
On its absorption into Scotland in 1472, the landholdings and jurisdictions of the old earldom of Orkney passed to the Scottish crown. The separate lordship of Shetland was absorbed into Scotland at the same time. More typically Scottish forms of administration were gradually introduced to the Northern Isles. The position of Sheriff of Orkney and Shetland was created in 1541. Orkney and Shetland retained their own legal systems until 1612, when the general laws of Scotland were applied.
(2025). 9781107646162, Cambridge University Press. .

Commissioners of Supply were established in 1667 for each shire across Scotland. Unusually, despite being one shire, Orkney and Shetland were given separate bodies of commissioners. More local government functions were gradually given to the commissioners over time. At a court case in 1829, the Court of Session declined to rule on whether Orkney and Shetland were one county or two. They operated as one county for the purposes of the administration of justice, lieutenancy, and parliamentary constituencies, but operated as two counties for local government functions. Elected county councils were created in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking most of the functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The 1889 Act also directed that Orkney and Shetland were to be separate counties.

Orkney County Council held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at Kirkwall Sheriff Court, also known as County Buildings, on Watergate in Kirkwall, which had been completed in 1877 and also served as the meeting place of the commissioners of supply.

Local government was reformed in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced Scotland's counties, and landward districts. In most of Scotland a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts was used, but a single-tier structure of island areas was used for Orkney, Shetland and the . Further local government reform in 1996 introduced single-tier council areas across all of Scotland. The councils of the three island areas created in 1975 continued to provide the same services after 1996, but their areas were re-designated as council areas.

Parishes and communities
Parishes existed from medieval times. From 1845 to 1894 they had parish boards and from 1894 to 1930 they had parish councils. They have had no administrative functions since 1930, but continue to be used for the presentation of statistics.

Orkney's civil parishes are:

Evie and Rendall were formerly separate parishes, but were united in the 16th century.

Community councils
Community councils were created in 1975 as part of the wider reforms that year. They have no statutory powers, but serve as a representative body for their communities. Orkney Islands Council designates community council areas, but a community council is only formed if there is sufficient interest from the residents. Since a review in 2022, Orkney has comprised the following communities, all of which have community councils operating as at 2024:

  • Birsay
  • Eday
  • Evie and Rendall
  • Firth and Stenness
  • Flotta
  • Graemsay, Hoy and Walls
  • Harray and Sandwick
  • Holm
  • Kirkwall and St Ola
  • North Ronaldsay
  • Orphir
  • Papa Westray
  • Rousay, Egilsay, Wyre and Gairsay
  • St Andrews and Deerness
  • Sanday
  • Shapinsay
  • South Ronaldsay and Burray
  • Stromness
  • Stronsay
  • Westray

Islands
The Mainland
The Mainland is the largest island of Orkney. Both of Orkney's , and , are on this island, which is also the heart of Orkney's transport system, with and air connections to the other islands and to the outside world. The island is more heavily populated (75% of Orkney's population) than the other islands and has much fertile farmland. The Mainland is split into areas called East and West Mainland. These areas are determined by whether they lie east or west of Kirkwall. The bulk of the mainland lies west of Kirkwall, with comparatively little land east of Kirkwall.Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 354–363. West Mainland parishes are: Stromness, Sandwick, Birsay, Harray, Stenness, Orphir, Evie, Rendall and Firth. East Mainland Parishes are: St Ola, Tankerness, St Andrews, Holm and Deerness.

The island is mostly low-lying (especially East Mainland) but with coastal cliffs to the north and west and two sizeable lochs: the Loch of Harray and the Loch of Stenness. The Mainland contains the remnants of numerous , and constructions. Four of the main Neolithic sites are included in the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site, inscribed in 1999. "Heart of Neolithic Orkney". UNESCO. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

The other islands in the group are classified as north or south of the Mainland. Exceptions are the remote islets of and , which lie west of the archipelago, but form part of Orkney for local government purposes. In island names, the "a" or "ay" represents the Norse ey, meaning "island". Those described as "holms" are very small.Gammeltoft, Peder (2010) " Shetland and Orkney Island-Names – A Dynamic Group". Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar.

The North Isles
The northern group of islands is the most extensive and consists of a large number of moderately sized islands, linked to the Mainland by ferries and by air services. Farming, fishing and tourism are the main sources of income for most of the islands.

The most northerly is , which lies beyond its nearest neighbour, Sanday. To the west is , which has a population of 550. It is connected by ferry and air to , also known as "Papay". is at the centre of the North Isles. The centre of the island is and the island's main industries have been peat extraction and .

, and lie north of the west Mainland across the . Rousay is well known for its ancient monuments, including the Quoyness and Egilsay has the ruins of the only round-towered church in Orkney. Wyre to the south-east contains the site of Cubbie Roo's castle. and lie much further to the east across the Stronsay Firth. is south of Stronsay and has a population of only five. and its are a short distance north of Kirkwall.

Other small uninhabited islands in the North Isles group include Calf of Eday, , , , , Holm of Faray, Holm of Huip, Holm of Papa, Holm of Scockness, , , Muckle Green Holm, and .

The South Isles
The southern group of islands surrounds . Hoy, to the west, is the second largest of the Orkney Isles and Ward Hill at its northern end is the highest elevation in the archipelago. The Old Man of Hoy is a well-known seastack. and are both linked by ferry to the Mainland and Hoy, and the latter is known for its large oil terminal. has a 19th-century and is connected to Hoy by the Ayre. lies to the east of Scapa Flow and is linked by causeway to South Ronaldsay, which hosts cultural events such as the Festival of the Horse and the Boys' on the third Saturday in August. It is also the location of the Neolithic Tomb of the Eagles. South Ronaldsay, Burray, , and are connected by road to the Mainland by the Churchill Barriers.

Uninhabited South Islands include Calf of Flotta, Cava, , , Fara, , , , , and . The Pentland Skerries lie further south, closer to the Scottish mainland.

Politics
Orkney is represented in the House of Commons as part of the Orkney and Shetland constituency, which elects one Member of Parliament (MP), the current incumbent being Alistair Carmichael. This seat has been held by the Liberal Democrats or the former Liberal Party since 1950, longer than any other they represent in Great Britain. "Alistair Carmichael: MP for Orkney and Shetland" alistaircarmichael.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2009.. alba.org.uk – "The almanac of Scottish elections and politics". Retrieved 9 February 2010. "The Untouchable Orkney & Shetland Isles " (1 October 2009) www.snptacticalvoting.com Retrieved 9 February 2010.

In the Scottish Parliament the Orkney constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system. The current MSP is of the Liberal Democrats. "Liam McArthur MSP" Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 8 September 2009. Before McArthur the MSP was Jim Wallace, who was previously Deputy First Minister. "Jim Wallace" Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 8 September 2009. Orkney is within the Highlands and Islands electoral region. "Scottish Parliamentary Elections". The Highland Council. Retrieved 26 May 2025.

The Orkney Movement, a political party that supported devolution for Orkney from the rest of Scotland, contested the 1987 general election as the Orkney and Shetland Movement (a coalition of the Orkney movement and its equivalent for Shetland). The Scottish National Party chose not to contest the seat to give the movement a "free run". Their candidate, John Goodlad, came 4th with 3,095 votes, 14.5% of those cast, but the experiment has not been repeated. alba.org.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2008

In the 2014 Scottish independence referendum 67.2% of voters in Orkney voted no to the question "Should Scotland be an independent country?" This was the highest no vote by percentage in any council area in Scotland. Turnout for the referendum was at 83.7% in Orkney with 10,004 votes cast in the area against independence by comparison to 4,883 votes for independence. In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum 63.2% of voters in Orkney voted Remain. "Local Results - 'O'. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2025.

In 2022, as part of the Levelling Up White Paper, an "Island Forum" was proposed, which would allow local policymakers and residents in Orkney to work alongside their counterparts in , the , and the Isle of Wight on common issues, such as broadband connectivity, and provide a platform for them to communicate directly with the government on the challenges island communities face in terms of levelling up. In July 2023, Orkney Council investigated proposals to change its status, looking at options that included becoming a British Crown Dependency, a within the Kingdom of Norway or just staying in the United Kingdom.

Economy
The percentage of the Orkney population who are economically active is consistently higher than the Scottish average. In 2023 it was 89.8% compared to 77.9% for the latter, in which year average unemployment was 1.6%.Orkney Economic Review 2023, pp. 15, 21.

The soil of Orkney is generally very fertile and most of the land is taken up by farms, agriculture being by far the most important sector of the economy and providing employment for a quarter of the workforce according to a 2008 report.Chalmers, Jim "Agriculture in Orkney Today" in Omand (2003) p. 127, 133 quoting the Scottish Executive Agricultural Census of 2001 and stating that 80% of the land area is farmed if rough grazing is included. More than 90% of agricultural land is used for grazing for sheep and cattle, with cereal production utilising about 4% () and woodland occupying only .Orkney Economic Review 2023, pp. 26-27. 44% of Orkney businesses are in the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector. Fraser of Allander Institute (2020) p. 8. 90% of the islands' milk production goes towards the manufacture of Orkney Cheddar cheese.Orkney Economic Review 2023, p. 15.

Fishing has declined in importance, but still employed 238 individuals in 2023, just under 4% of the islands' total employment.Fraser of Allander Institute (2020) p. 10. The modern industry concentrating on , white fish, , and other shellfish, and fish farming.

A 2009 report indicated the traditional sectors of the economy export , , , , and other . In recent years there has been growth in other areas including tourism, food and beverage manufacture, jewellery, knitwear, and other crafts production, construction and oil transportation through the oil terminal. "Orkney Business Directory" . Orkney.com. Retrieved 12 May 2012.

There are three in Orkney: , Highland Park

(2025). 9781780274010, Birlinn.
and the Deerness Distillery, which opened in 2023. "Deerness Distillery Ltd". Orkney.com. Retrieved 28 June 2025.

Other important sectors of the economy include manufacturing and construction, retailing, hotels and restaurants and public sector activities such as health and social work.Fraser of Allander Institute (2020) p. 9."Orkney Economic Review No. 23." (2008) Kirkwall. Orkney Islands Council. "Orkney Economic Update" (1999) (pdf) HIE. Retrieved 20 September 2009.

As of 2020

there are around 1,500 businesses on the island. More than 90% have fewer than 10 employees. Estimates 11,000 jobs, of which around 5,000 are part-time ... There's not much manufacturing, beyond food and drink processing (think cheese and whisky), and apart from the Flotta oil terminal, it lacks big private employers ... Fisheries off Orkney are only half as important to employment as in Shetland, and farming is roughly twice as important.

Tourism
A report published in February 2020 stated that spending by visitors increased from £49.5 million in 2017 to £67.1 million in 2019, making this a significant sector of the economy. The primary attractions that encourage tourism include the "Heart of Neolithic Orkney" on the main island, defined as "a group of 5,000-year-old sites that include the preserved village of Skara Brae and the Ring of Brodgar stone circle". The Hoy area's landscape is also attractive to visitors, "with its scattered woodland, steep valleys, high cliffs and the famous Old Man, a withered red sandstone sea stack". In 2017, 62% of tourists to Orkney visited for its heritage. The UHI Archaeology Institute have led excavations at the Ness of Brodgar, contributing to tourism to the area and driving interest in archaeology.

During most years, the islands are the home of several international festivals, including the Orkney International Science Festival in September, a folk festival in May, and the St Magnus International Arts Festival in June. "Do not disturb: Oakhurst Cottage, Orkney" , The Scotsman, 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.

The volume of visitors arriving on ferries declined substantially in 2020, by 71%, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A news report added that cruise ships also did not arrive and there were "no day trippers and no holiday lets" as of 25 April 2020. Several major events were cancelled: St Magnus Festival, Orkney Folk Festival, Stromness Shopping Week and the Agricultural Shows.

Power
Orkney has significant wind and marine energy resources, and renewable energy has recently come into prominence. Although Orkney is connected to the mainland, it generates over 100% of its net power from renewables according to a 2015 report. This comes mainly from wind turbines situated across Orkney. "Renewables". Orkney.com Retrieved 30 May 2025.

The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) is a research facility operating a grid-connected wave test site at Billia Croo, off the west coast of the Orkney Mainland, and a tidal power test site in the Fall of Warness, off the northern island of Eday. At the official opening of the Eday project the site was described as "the first of its kind in the world set up to provide developers of wave and tidal energy devices with a purpose-built performance testing facility."

During 2007 Scottish and Southern Energy plc in conjunction with the University of Strathclyde began the implementation of a Regional Power Zone in the Orkney archipelago, involving "active network management" that will make better use of existing infrastructure and allow a further 15 MW of new "non-firm generation" output from renewables onto the network. Registered Power Zone Annual Report for period 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2007. (2007) Scottish Hydro Electric Power Distribution and Southern Electric Power Distribution. Facilitate generation connections on Orkney by automatic distribution network management (pdf) DTI. Retrieved 18 October 2007. 1.5 MW of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis form a partial for and , and grid batteries and electric vehicles also use local energy. Orkney has one of the highest uptakes of electric vehicles in the UK with more than 2% of the vehicles on the road being electric, as of 2019.

Hydrogen manufacturing
A March 2019 report by the stated that "Orkney creates more clean electricity than its inhabitants need. Even after exporting to the UK national grid, the islands' winds, waves and tides generate about 130% of the electricity its population needs – all of it from clean sources". A report about sustainable energy in the islands listed two options. A new cable could be laid for exporting of energy to the mainland but another proposal has progressed rapidly since that time: making "excess renewable power into another fuel – such as hydrogen – and then storing it".

In May 2020, published more specific information about the hydrogen plan:

Orkney's success in creating hydrogen using clean energy demonstrates that it can be done at scale. The islands are already using hydrogen to power vehicles, and it will soon be used to heat a local primary school. Now, Orkney is hoping to use hydrogen fuel cells to power a seagoing vessel able to transport both goods and passengers.

Additional specific information about the status of the hydrogen scheme was published in late November 2020 by Orkney Islands Council. A few weeks earlier, another report indicated that the world's first hydrogen-fueled ferry was to be tested on the Orkney Islands, using "a hydrogen/diesel dual fuel conversion system", developed by a consortium known as the HyDIME project. Initially hydrogen was to power only the auxiliary engine but the plan calls for later using this fuel for the primary engine. The report suggested that "if all goes well, hydrogen ferries could be sailing between Orkney's islands within six months".

Kirkwall Airport in Orkney was scheduled "to have its heat and power decarbonised through as part of a new project" starting in 2021. A hydrogen combustion engine system was to be connected to the airport's heating system. The scheme planned to reduce the significant emissions that were created with older technology that heated buildings and water. This was part of the plan formulated by the Scottish government for the Highlands and Islands "to become the world's first net zero aviation region by 2040".

Hydrogen manufacturing is also planned for and will spread to other areas of Scotland that have access to clean electricity. To achieve that goal, the government announced an investment of £100 million in the hydrogen sector "for the £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies Fund".

Transport
Air
Highland and Islands Airports operates the main airport in Orkney, . provides services to the Scottish mainland (, Edinburgh, and Inverness), as well as to in Shetland. "Getting Here" Visit Orkney. Retrieved 13 September 2009.

Within Orkney, the council operates airports on most of the larger islands including , , North Ronaldsay, , Papa Westray, , and Flotta. "Air Travel" Orkney Islands Council. Retrieved 13 September 2009. The shortest scheduled air service in the world, between the islands of Westray and Papa Westray, is scheduled at two minutes' duration. "Getting Here" Westray and Papa Westray Craft and Tourist Associations. Retrieved 7 January 2010.

Ferry
Ferries serve both to link Orkney to the rest of Scotland, and also to link together the various islands of the Orkney archipelago. Ferry services operate between Orkney and the Scottish mainland and Shetland on the following routes: "Getting Here". Orkney.com Retrieved 30 May 2025. "Gateway to the Orkney Islands." Visit John O'Groats. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

  • Gills Bay to St Margaret's Hope (operated by )
  • John o' Groats to Burwick on South Ronaldsay (seasonal passenger only service, operated by John o' Groats Ferries)
  • Lerwick to Kirkwall (operated by NorthLink Ferries)
  • Aberdeen to Kirkwall (operated by NorthLink Ferries)
  • Scrabster Harbour, to (operated by NorthLink Ferries).

Inter-island ferry services connect all the inhabited islands to Orkney Mainland and are operated by , a company owned by Orkney Islands Council. The isles of , (or Papay), , Sanday, , , and are served from Kirkwall harbour, while the northern end of Hoy and are served from Stromness harbour, the end of Hoy, as well as Longhope on , and are served from on the south of the mainland, and , and Wyre are served from Tingwall, in the area of the Orkney mainland. As well as this, the connects the village of on Westray with Papa Westray - this provides a vital local service for schoolchildren on Papay as well as supplementing existing through sailings from Kirkwall.

Bus
Local buses around the Orkney Mainland, as well as across the Churchill Barriers to and , are operated by Stagecoach Highlands. There are also bus services on Sanday, Westray and Hoy & Walls. "Public Bus Services". Orkney.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

In 2021, the island's three-vehicle minibus service for disabled people was a target for hackers seeking a £1,000 ransom in cryptocurrency.

Media
Orkney is served by a weekly local newspaper, , published on Thursdays. It is first published in 1854 and part of the Orkney Media Group, formed out of a partnership with a competing newspaper, Orkney Today, in 2007.

A local BBC radio station, BBC Radio Orkney, the local opt-out of BBC Radio Scotland, broadcasts twice daily, with local news and entertainment. "Radio Orkney" . BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2009. Orkney also had a station, The Superstation Orkney, which broadcast to Kirkwall and parts of the mainland and also to most of "Superstation Orkney" thesuperstation.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2009 until its closure in November 2014. Superstation Orkney ends community radio broadcasting , RadioToday, 16 November 2014 MFR broadcasts throughout Orkney on an FM transmitter just outside Thurso. The station Caithness FM also broadcasts to Orkney. "Welcome to the Caithness F.M. website" Caithness FM. Retrieved 19 September 2009.

Orkney is home to the Orkney Library and Archive, based in Kirkwall. The library service provides access to over 145,000 items. They have a wide range of fiction and non-fiction titles available for loan as well as audiobooks, maps, eBooks, music CDs, and DVDs. Orkney Library and Archive operates a Mobile Library Service that serves the rural parishes and islands of Orkney. The Mobile Library carries a wide range of books and audiobooks suitable for all ages and is completely free to use.

Language, literature, and folklore
At the beginning of recorded history, the islands were inhabited by the , whose language was Brythonic. The script on the Buckquoy spindle-whorl is cited as evidence for the pre-Norse existence of in Orkney.

After the Norse occupation, the of Orkney became almost wholly .Lamb, Gregor (1995) Testimony of the Orkneyingar: Place Names of Orkney. Byrgisey. The Norse language changed into the local , which lingered until the end of the 18th century, when it eventually died out. Norn was replaced by the of . This dialect is at a low ebb due to the pervasive influences of television, education, and the large number of incomers. However, attempts are being made by some writers and radio presenters to revitalise its use "The Orcadian Dialect" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 4 October 2008. and the distinctive sing-song accent and many dialect words of Norse origin remain in use. The Orcadian word most frequently encountered by visitors is peedie, meaning 'small', which may be derived from the French petit.Clackson, Stephen (25 November 2004) . Kirkwall.

Orkney has a rich folklore, and many of the former tales concern trows, an Orcadian form of that draws on the islands' Scandinavian connections. "The Trows" . Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009. Local customs in the past included marriage ceremonies at the Odin Stone that formed part of the Stones of Stenness.Muir, Tom "Customs and Traditions" in Omand (2003) p. 270.

The best known literary figures from modern Orkney are the poet , the poet and novelist George Mackay Brown, and the novelist .Drever, David "Orkney Literature" in Omand (2003) p. 257.

Orcadians
An is a native of Orkney, a term that reflects a strongly held identity with a tradition of understatement. "The Orcadians – The people of Orkney" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009. Although the annexation of the earldom by Scotland took place over five centuries ago in 1472, some Orcadians regard themselves as Orcadians first and second."'We are Orcadian first, and Scottish second' many people would tell me during the course of my fieldwork." McClanahan, Angela (2004) The Heart of Neolithic Orkney in its Contemporary Contexts: A case study in heritage management and community values Historic Scotland/University of Manchester, p. 25 (§3.47) [59] Retrieved 8 January 2010. However in response to the national identity question in the 2011 Scotland Census, self-reported levels of Scottish identity in Orkney were in line with the national average.

The Scottish mainland is often referred to as "Scotland" in Orkney, with "the mainland" referring to Mainland, Orkney. "Where is Orkney?" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009. The archipelago also has a distinct culture, with traditions of the Scottish Highlands such as , , not indigenous to the culture of the islands. Orkneyjar FAQ Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009. However, at least two tartans with Orkney connections have been registered and a tartan has been designed for Sanday by one of the island's residents, "Orkney tartan" tartans.scotland.net Retrieved 19 September 2009. "Sanday Tartan" www.clackson.com. Retrieved 2 June 2007. "Clackson tartan" tartans.scotland.net. Retrieved 19 September 2009. and there are pipe bands in Orkney. "Kirkwall City Pipe Band" kirkwallcity.com. Retrieved 19 September 2009. "Stromness RBL Pipe Band" stromnesspipeband.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2009.

Native Orcadians refer to the non-native residents of the islands as "ferry loupers" ("loup" meaning "jump" in the ), a term that has been in use for nearly two centuries at least.Vedder, David (1832) Orcadian Sketches. Edinburgh. William Tait.

Natural history
Orkney has an abundance of wildlife, especially of and and seabirds such as , , (tysties), , and (bonxies). Whales, dolphins, and are also seen around the coasts. Inland the , a distinct subspecies of the introduced by humans, is an . "Northern Isles" . SNH. Retrieved 27 September 2009.Benvie (2004) pp. 126–38. There are five distinct varieties, found on the islands of Sanday, Westray, Rousay, South Ronaldsay, and the Mainland, all the more remarkable as the species is absent on mainland Britain. Retrieved 27 September 2009.

The coastline is well known for its colourful flowers including , , , , and . The is found only on the coasts of Orkney and nearby Caithness and . Although stands of trees are generally rare, a small forest named Happy Valley with 700 trees and lush gardens was created from a boggy hillside near Stenness during the second half of the 20th century. "Boggy hillside reborn as Orkney forest reserve" . (27 May 2011) . Retrieved 27 May 2011.

The North Ronaldsay sheep is an unusual breed of domesticated animal, subsisting largely on a diet of , since they are confined to the foreshore for most of the year to conserve the limited grazing inland. The island was also a habitat for the Atlantic until the mid-16th century.

The Orkney char ( Salvelinus inframundus) used to live in Heldale Water on Hoy and has not been observed since 1908, so is now considered to be . "Salvelinus inframundus: Regan, 1909" – FishBase. Retrieved 5 January 2013.

Stoat problem and solution
The introduction of non-native since 2010, a natural predator of the and thus of the , was also harming native bird populations. , Scotland's nature agency, provided these additional specifics:
The introduction of a ground predator like the stoat to islands such as Orkney, where there are no native ground predators, is very bad news for Orkney's native species. Stoats are accomplished predators and pose a very serious threat to Orkney's wildlife, including: the native Orkney vole, , and many ground nesting birds.

In 2018, a stoat eradication project was presented by NatureScot to be applied "across Orkney Mainland, South Ronaldsay, Burray, Glimps Holm, Lamb Holm and Hunda, and the biosecurity activities delivered on the non-linked islands of the archipelago". The Orkney Native Wildlife Project planned to use "humane DOC150 and DOC200 traps". The partners in the five-year project include RSPB Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage and Orkney Islands Council. A report issued in October 2020 stated that over 5,000 traps had been deployed. Specifics were provided as to the locations.

Not all was going well as of 15 January 2021, according to , which stated that the project "has been hit by alleged sabotage after the destruction and theft of traps that have also killed and injured household pets and other animals" but added that the £6 million programme was supported by most islanders. Another news item stated that some of the traps had "caught and killed family pets as well as hundreds of other animals". A subsequent report confirmed that "Police Scotland is investigating a number of incidents involving damage to and the theft of stoat traps in Orkney".

Protected areas
There are 13 Special Protection Areas and 6 Special Areas of Conservation in Orkney. One of Scotland's 40 national scenic areas, the Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area, is also located in the islands. The seas to the northwest of Orkney are important for that provides a food source for many species of fish, seabirds, seals, whales and dolphins, and are now protected as Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (NCMPA) that covers .

Flag
A new flag for Orkney was adopted in 2007 following a public competition. It comprises a of blue and yellow on a red background. Previously the traditional flag of St Magnus (a red cross on a yellow background) had sometimes been used, but in 2001 it was ruled too similar to other flags to allow it to be formally registered as the area's flag.

Freedom of Orkney
The Freedom of Orkney is a ceremonial award issued by Orkney Islands Council. It can only be awarded twice during the term of any given Council, typically a period of five years. Its roots stretch back to the mid-15th century. "Freedom of Orkney Bestowed on Royal Navy Northern Diving Group". Orkney Islands Council. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

Recipients include:

See also
  • Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
  • Prehistoric Scotland
  • Battle of Florvåg
  • List of places in Orkney
  • Rögnvald Kali Kolsson
  • Orkney Islands Church of Scotland
  • Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
  • Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185
  • Baha'i Faith in Orkney

Footnotes
Citations
General references
  • Armit, Ian (2006) Scotland's Hidden History. Stroud. Tempus.
  • Beuermann, Ian "Jarla Sǫgur Orkneyja. Status and power of the earls of Orkney according to their sagas" in Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekda, Jan Erik and Beuermann, Ian (eds) (2011) Ideology and power in the Viking and Middle Ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes . The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. 52. Leiden. .
  • Baynes, John (1970) The Jacobite Rising of 1715. London. Cassell.
  • Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press.
  • Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus.
  • Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Brill.
  • Clarkson, Tim (2008) The Picts: A History. Stroud. The History Press.
  • Duffy, Christopher (2003) The 45: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Fraser, James E. (2009) From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson.
  • Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
  • Thompson, William P.L. (2008) The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
  • Whitaker's Almanack 1991 (1990). London. J. Whitaker & Sons.
  • Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn.

Further reading
  • Batey, C.E. et al (eds.) (1995) The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Fresson, Captain E.E. Air Road to the Isles. (2008) Kea Publishing.
  • Hutton, Guthrie (2009) Old Orkney. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing
  • , The Flight of Gemma Hardy (a novel). HarperCollins, 2012.
  • Lo Bao, Phil and Hutchison, Iain (2002) BEAline to the Islands. Kea Publishing.
  • Nicol, Christopher (2012) Eric Linklater's Private Angelo and The Dark of Summer Glasgow: ASLS
  • Rendall, Jocelyn (2009) Steering the Stone Ships: The Story of Orkney Kirks and People Saint Andrew Press, Edinburgh.
  • Tait, Charles (2012) The Orkney Guide Book, Charles Tait, St. Ola, Orkney.
  • Warner, Guy (2005) Orkney by Air. Kea Publishing.
  • Dance, Gaia (2013) The Sea Before Breakfast. Amazon.
  • Marshall, Peter (2024) Storm's Edge: Life, Death and Magic in the Islands of Orkney. William Collins.

External links

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